Asymmetry of Plant Cell Divisions under Salt Stress

Ekaterina N. Baranova,Alexander A. Gulevich

doi:10.3390/sym13101811

Abstract

Salt stress causes several damaging effects in plant cells. These commonly observed effects are the results of oxidative, osmotic, and toxic stresses. To ensure normal growth and development of tissues, the cellular compartments of multicellular plants have a unique system that provides the specified parameters of growth and differentiation. The cell shape and the direction of division support the steady development of the organism, the habit, and the typical shape of the organs and the whole plant. When dividing, daughter cells evenly or unevenly distribute the components of cytoplasm. Factors such as impaired osmotic regulation, exposure to toxic compounds, and imbalance in the antioxidant system cause disorders associated with the moving of organelles, distribution transformations of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the vacuolar compartment. In some cases, one can observe a different degree of plasmolysis manifestation, local changes in the density of cytoplasm. Together, these processes can cause disturbances in the direction of cell division, the formation of a phragmoplast, the formation of nuclei of daughter cells, and a violation of their fine structural organization. These processes are often accompanied by significant damage to the cytoskeleton, the formation of nonspecific structures formed by proteins of the cytoskeleton. The consequences of these processes can lead to the death of some cells or to a significant change in their morphology and properties, deformation of newly formed tissues and organs, and changes in the plant phenotype. Thus, as a result of significant violations of the cytoskeleton, causing critical destabilization of the symmetric distribution of the cell content, disturbances in the distribution of chromosomes, especially in polyploid cells, may occur, resulting in the appearance of micronuclei. Hence, the asymmetry of a certain component of the plant cell is a marker of susceptibility to abiotic damage.

Highlights

A living cell has special properties that provide the possibility of its dynamic development, providing the very possibility of the existence of multicellular organisms—tropism, or, in other words, sensitivity [1]
The goal of this study is to demonstrate the processes caused by a shift in the symmetry/asymmetry ratio towards asymmetry while maintaining the viability of the organism, and borderline states when the viability is preserved but stable development and the transition to the generative phase can be limited by significant injuries and delaying or cessation of development
It is obvious that such indicators can involve a rigid correction of unwanted deviations from the given standard. This culture is a convenient object for studying the relationship between symmetry and asymmetry in plants

Summary

Introduction

A living cell has special properties that provide the possibility of its dynamic development, providing the very possibility of the existence of multicellular organisms—tropism, or, in other words, sensitivity [1]. A stable system of a living organism, starting from a single cell, tends towards an ideally expedient and effective form—a sphere. Such organisms are found mainly when we study single cells in a liquid medium [2,3]. Under such conditions, the sensitivity to a number of environmental factors, such as geotropism, phototropism, or chemotropism, is reduced or not noticeable. The stability and inviolability of an optimal habitat for plants is very deceptive and is regulated by the availability of resources necessary for their development and/or their limitation

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