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Abstract
We investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Palmitate-reduced glucose uptake was restored by APS. APS prevented palmitate-induced C2C12 myotubes from impaired insulin signaling by inhibiting Ser307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increasing Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, the increases in protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) protein level and NF-κB activation associated with palmitate treatment were also prevented by APS. However the treatment with APS didn’t change AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in palmitate-induced myotubes. The results of the present study suggest that Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes by inhibiting expression of PTP1B and regulating NF-κB but not AMPK pathway.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to the clustering of obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension
In the presence of 0.2 mg/mL Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), insulin stimulated glucose uptake was improved by 25% (p < 0.05) compared to the cells treated only with 0.5 mM palmitate (Figure 1)
To determine whether APS reversed palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes by restoring insulin signaling, we examined the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to the clustering of obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension. MS is closely associated with insulin resistance. The plasma concentration of free fatty acid (FFA) in subjects with MS is frequently elevated [1]. With the worldwide escalating risk of MS, investigators have paid high attention to its prevention and treatment. As an important ingredients of “Qi tonifying” prescription, Astragalus membranaceus has been used in Chinese herbal prescriptions for more than 2,000 years. It has been proved that Astragalus contains active ingredients including Astragalus polysaccharides, flavonoids, astragalosides I-VII, amino acids, and trace elements [2]. Previous studies have shown that APS has antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulatory, insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemic activity, anti-obesity and hypolipidemia effects [3,4,5,6]
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