Abstract
BackgroundEpidemiological studies have investigated the associations of dietary iron, copper, and selenium level with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, their results are conflicting. This meta-analysis of observational study was, therefore, employed to investigate the associations above.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was employed using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus database up to October 2021 (no restriction was set for the initiate time). The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS for the highest vs. lowest dietary iron, copper, and selenium level was estimated, respectively.ResultsA total of 14 observational studies (55,131 participants) were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Specifically, 7 studies were related to the dietary iron level. The overall multivariable adjusted RR demonstrated that the dietary iron level was positively associated with MetS (RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12–1.44; p < 0.001). With regard to the dietary copper level, 7 studies were included for meta-analysis. The overall multivariable adjusted RR showed that the dietary copper level was inversely associated with MetS (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78–0.93; p < 0.001). In addition, 4 studies were specified for the dietary selenium level. The overall multivariable adjusted RR indicated that the dietary selenium level was inversely associated with MetS (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63–0.95; p = 0.01) as well.ConclusionOur results suggest that the dietary iron level is positively associated with MetS, whereas a negative association between the dietary copper and selenium level and MetS is obtained. Further large well-designed prospective cohort studies are warranted to elaborate on the issues examined in this study.
Highlights
Elevated waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are considered as the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1]
The overall multivariable adjusted relative risk (RR) demonstrated that the dietary iron level was positively associated with MetS (RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12–1.44; p < 0.001)
The overall multivariable adjusted RR showed that the dietary copper level was inversely associated with MetS (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78–0.93; p < 0.001)
Summary
Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (at least three of the five above metabolic abnormalities) are considered as the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1]. Iron is one of the most abundant elements, which plays a significant role in various cellular processes, such as irondependent signaling, cellular respiration, DNA replication and synthesis, nucleic acid repair, and energy metabolism [19,20,21]. Copper plays an essential role in mitochondrial function and signaling involving mitophagy, bioenergetics, and dynamics, which affect cell fate by metabolic reprogramming [26]. Since oxidative stress and inflammation play a significant role in the pathophysiology of MetS [28], the dietary iron, copper, and selenium level is considered to be closely related to MetS. Epidemiological studies have investigated the associations of dietary iron, copper, and selenium level with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This meta-analysis of observational study was, employed to investigate the associations above
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