Associations of sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction with cardio-renal function.

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Studies have found that sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction are associated with several metabolic diseases. Moreover, these factors also been reported to be related with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease independent of other known factors, and details related to their pathogenesis have recently received increased attention. Additionally, the rates of incidence of heart and renal failure are showing an increasing trend. A literature search was conducted to explore the interrelationship between sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunction, and cardio-renal function. Sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction have been shown to be strongly and directly linked to cardio-renal function, as well as various metabolic disorders, while cardiac and renal diseases themselves have been found to have a bidirectional relationship, and can also cause sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction. Reported findings indicate that sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction cause metabolic abnormalities, thus are directly or indirectly related to cardio-renal function. With increased attention given to this research field and more focused studies performed, sleep conditions and autonomic function are expected to receive greater recognition as promising clinical targets for the prevention of heart failure and chronic kidney disease in the future.