Abstract
Although socioeconomic status (SES) may affect children’s urinary electrolytic excretion and dietary intakes, few studies have reported the association between SES and urinary sodium (Na)-to-potassium (K) ratio in Japanese adolescents and children. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between SES and urinary Na/K ratio (Analysis 1) and between dietary intake and urinary Na/K ratio to determine the SES effects in children and adolescents (Analysis 2). This cross-sectional study included 168 Japanese male adolescent and child football players. The urinary Na/K ratio was calculated from three spot urinary electrolyte values. Multiple regression analysis was performed in both first and second analyses to assess the associations between SES and the urinary Na/K ratio and between dietary intake and the urinary Na/K ratio for ages 9–12 and 13–15 years separately. The mean urinary Na/K ratio was 4.8, with higher SES associated with a lower urinary Na/K ratio. Our results suggested that urinary Na/K ratios in Japanese child football players were high due to poor childhood diets, and higher SES was associated with lower urinary Na/K ratios. Further, milk and dairy products are associated with the urinary Na/K ratio, independent of SES in children and adolescents.
Highlights
Published: 18 February 2022High sodium intake is a risk factor for hypertension, a condition associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in adults, whereas low sodium and high potassium intakes can reduce blood pressure [1,2] and CVD risk [3,4]
Age 13–15 years accounted for 63.8% of participants and 9–12 accounted 36.2%, and the cohort had the following mean values: age, 12.7 ± 1.7 years; TV or video watching, 4.4 ± 2.1; duration of sports activities, 20.7 ± 4.9 h/week; Body mass index (BMI), 18.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2 ; body fat percentage, 13.1 ± 4.8%; systolic blood pressure, 120.7 ± 13.8 mmHg; and diastolic blood pressure, 67.6 ± 10.0 mmHg
Our results showed that consumption of fruits and milk and dairy products was significantly inversely associated with the urinary Na/K ratio in Japanese adolescent and child football players
Summary
Published: 18 February 2022High sodium intake is a risk factor for hypertension, a condition associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in adults, whereas low sodium and high potassium intakes can reduce blood pressure [1,2] and CVD risk [3,4]. Salt intake during childhood was associated with high blood pressure in later life [8], which very likely increases the future risk of adult hypertension and subsequent CVDs. Previous studies have reported that individuals with a lower socioeconomic status (SES)—a lower income, lower educational attainment, and manual occupations—had higher salt intake [9,10,11,12]. Previous studies have reported that individuals with a lower socioeconomic status (SES)—a lower income, lower educational attainment, and manual occupations—had higher salt intake [9,10,11,12] They assessed sodium intake using a questionnaire or through a 24 h dietary recall, which may be less accurate than actual measurements
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