Abstract
Extreme weather and climate events can have substantial impacts on society and the environment. Compound extremes (two or more extreme events occurring simultaneously or successively) may exert even larger impacts than individual events. Here we examine physical drivers behind variability in hydrometeorological (precipitation and temperature) compound extremes on subseasonal-to-seasonal timescales. Observational evidence presented here through composite analysis indicates that compound extreme frequency is linked to the Madden-Julian oscillation, a unique type of organized tropical convection varying primarily on subseasonal-to-seasonal timescales. The linkage between Madden-Julian oscillation and compound extremes is largely dependent on ENSO phases, which can be seen through different magnitudes or changes in sign of the canonical relationship conditioned on ENSO states. Similarly, the Madden-Julian oscillation can interrupt the canonical ENSO-compound extreme relationship. Our results suggest a potential route to improve subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction of western US compound extremes by considering the combined effect of both Madden-Julian oscillation and ENSO.
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