Abstract
Muscle wasting and hyperphosphatemia are becoming increasingly prevalent in patients who exhibit a progressive decline in kidney function. However, the association between serum phosphate (Pi) level and sarcopenia in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients remains unclear. We compared the serum Pi levels between advanced CKD patients with (n = 51) and those without sarcopenia indicators (n = 83). Low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), low handgrip strength, and low gait speed were defined per the standards of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Mean serum Pi level was significantly higher in advanced CKD patients with sarcopenia indicators than those without sarcopenia indicators (3.88 ± 0.86 vs. 3.54 ± 0.73 mg/dL; p = 0.016). Univariate analysis indicated that serum Pi was negatively correlated with ASMI, handgrip strength, and gait speed. Multivariable analysis revealed that serum Pi was significantly associated with handgrip strength (standardized β = −0.168; p = 0.022) and this association persisted even after adjustments for potential confounders. The optimal serum Pi cutoff for predicting low handgrip strength was 3.65 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 56.6%. In summary, low handgrip strength is common in advanced CKD patients and serum Pi level is negatively associated with handgrip strength.
Highlights
Loss of muscle strength and muscle mass are hallmarks of sarcopenia [1]
In addition to its association with aging, sarcopenia is commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [2,3], with its prevalence increasing with CKD progression [4]
We discovered that serum Pi level has an independent negative correlation with handgrip strength in patients with advanced CKD
Summary
Loss of muscle strength and muscle mass are hallmarks of sarcopenia [1]. In addition to its association with aging, sarcopenia is commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [2,3], with its prevalence increasing with CKD progression [4]. In 2018, the EWGSOP guidelines were revised to emphasize muscle function, and patients with low muscle strength were defined to have probable sarcopenia [1] This revision was based on a growing body of evidence on the role of low muscle strength in predicting recurrent falls, poor healthcare outcomes, all-cause mortality, and functional decline in older adults [8,9]. This modification suggested that muscle strength is better than muscle mass in predicting adverse outcomes. Observed among the CKD population is a high prevalence (25.2%) of low handgrip strength [10], which is a predictor of composite renal outcomes defined by predialysis mortality or progression to ESRD [11]
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