Abstract
Background: Precocious puberty (PP) currently affects 1 in 5000 children and is 10 times more common in girls. Existing studies have tried to detect an association between phathalic acid esters (PAEs) and PP, but the results did not reach a consensus. Objective: To estimate the association between PAEs and children with PP based on current evidence. Methods: Databases including PubMed (1978 to March 2015), OVID (1946 to March 2015), Web of Science (1970 to March 2015), EBSCO (1976 to March 2015), CNKI (1979 to March 2015), WANFANG DATA (1987 to March 2015), CBM (1978 to March 2015) and CQVIP (1989 to March 2015) were searched to identify all case-control studies that determined the exposure and concentration of PAEs and their metabolites in children with PP. Meta-analysis of the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: A total of 14 studies involving 2223 subjects were finally included. The pooled estimates showed that PP was associated with di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) exposure (OR: 3.90, 95% CI: 2.77 to 5.49). Besides, the concentration of DEHP (SMD: 1.73, 95% CI: 0.54 to 2.91) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) (SMD: 4.31, 95% CI: 2.67 to 5.95) in the PP group were significantly higher than those in the control group, respectively, while no difference was detected between case and control groups in either serum or urinary concentration of mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate(MEOHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) or monoethyl phthalate (MEP). Conclusions: Exposure of DEHP and DBP might be associated with PP risk for girls, however, there is no evidence to show an association between the exposure to most PAE metabolites and PP. Given the moderate strength of the results, well-designed cohort studies with large sample size should be performed in future.
Highlights
Precocious puberty (PP) currently affects 1 in 5000 children and is 10 times more common in girls [1]
One study reported (SMD: −7.20, 95% confidence intervals (CI): −10.21 to −4.19, 56 girls) detected in the PP group were lower than those in the urinary concentration of monobutyl phthalate (MBuP), the results showed that the PP group had a statistically lower control group, while the concentration of mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) detected in the PP group was higher than that in the
To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to determine the association between phathalic acid esters (PAEs) and PP by a systematic review and meta-analysis
Summary
Precocious puberty (PP) currently affects 1 in 5000 children and is 10 times more common in girls [1]. Previous studies [2] have reported that the overall PP incidence continues to increase and the puberty development age has shown an advancing trend since the 19th century. Advanced progression of secondary sex characteristics occurs in children with PP leading to compromised adult height, poor social adaptability and emotional disorders. The risk of endocrine disease and even cancer can sharply increase for a child if hormones stay at an abnormal level for a long time [2,3]. The cause of precocious puberty may be associated with certain conditions such as infections, tumors, brain abnormalities, histiocytosis, radiation, injuries, or the exposure to. Public Health 2015, 12, 15254–15268; doi:10.3390/ijerph121214974 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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