Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes many regulatory factors called adipokines. Adipokines affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. They also influence the regulation of the immune system and inflammation. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between markers related to obesity, diabesity and adipokines and metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity in young men. The study included 98 healthy participants. We divided participants into three subgroups based on body mass index and metabolic health definition: 49 metabolically healthy normal-weight patients, 27 metabolically healthy obese patients and 22 metabolically unhealthy obese patients. The 14 metabolic markers selected were measured in serum or plasma. The analysis showed associations between markers related to obesity, diabesity and adipokines in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese participants. The decreased level of adipsin (p < 0.05) was only associated with metabolically healthy obesity, not with metabolically unhealthy obesity. The decreased level of ghrelin (p < 0.001) and increased level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (p < 0.01) were only associated with metabolically unhealthy obesity, not with metabolically healthy obesity. The decreased level of adiponectin and increased levels of leptin, c-peptide, insulin and angiopoietin-like 3 protein were associated with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity. In conclusion, our data show that metabolically healthy obesity was more similar to metabolically unhealthy obesity in terms of the analyzed markers related to obesity and diabesity.
Highlights
metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) participants had higher BMI values, waist—hip ratio (WHR), Visceral adiposity index (VAI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure measurements (DBP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TG, apoB, HbA1, glucose, HOMA-IR, uric acid, ceruloplasmin, leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio, c-peptide, insulin and angiopoietin-like 3 protein (ANGPTL3) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL%, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), bilirubin, adiponectin, adipsin and ghrelin compared to the MHNW group (p < 0.05)
Our results show that MHO subjects are more similar to MUO subjects than those with
Despite the absence of classic metabolic disorders, our results, which are based on obesity and diabesity markers, indicate this subclinical difference between MHO and MUO
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Obesity is a global health problem that has grown into an epidemic [1]. 2016, the number of obese people in the world tripled. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (18 and over) were overweight. About 13% of the world’s adult population (11% men and 15% women) were obese in 2016 [2]
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