Association between total water intake, micronutrient intakes and serum nutrient profile among U.S. adults

Abstract

Given the paucity of investigations on nutrient status by water intake, we examined water intake by sociodemographic factors and its association with dietary and serum micronutrient levels among 3,189 US adults (≥20 y). We used two 24‐h dietary recalls and serum nutrient data from NHANES 2005–2006. The daily mean total water intake was 3.1 L, with 68% adults under Adequate Intake (AI) level. Total water intake was higher in adults aged 31–50 y, non‐Hispanic whites, adults with higher BMI, education and physical activity, those taking supplements, alcohol consumers, and current smokers. In multivariate regression analyses, plain water intake was positively associated with food moisture and negatively with beverage moisture (excluding plain water, P<0.001). Beverage moisture was negatively associated with food moisture (P<0.05). Plain water and food moisture intakes were positively associated with Ca, Fe, Mg, vitamin A, C, E, K, B6, niacin and carotenoids (P<0.05), but beverage moisture was unrelated (Ca, Mg, vitamin B6, niacin, α‐carotene) or negatively (Fe, vitamin A, C, E, K, β‐carotene) associated (P<0.05). Concentrations of serum B12, C, E, and carotenoids increased with plain water and food moisture intake (P<0.05) and decreased (P<0.01) or were unrelated with beverage moisture. Various contributors of total water intake differed in their associations with micronutrient intake in adults.Grant Funding Source : Self‐funded