Association between long working hours and cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and risky alcohol use: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2021)

Abstract

BackgroundLong working hours cause adverse health outcomes; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. We examined the association between long working hours and health behaviors, as well as gender differences in this association. MethodsA nationally representative sample of 26,385 Korean workers was analyzed. The exposure variable was self-reported weekly working hours. The outcomes examined were cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity (defined as engaging in ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity), and risky alcohol use (defined as consuming seven glasses for men or five glasses for women of alcohol in a single sitting, twice or more per week). Logistic regression models were utilized, and gender differences were examined by incorporating interaction terms into the regression models. ResultsAmong 26,385 workers, 4,109 (16%) worked ≥55 h/week. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity, and risky alcohol use was 19%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and outcomes was 1.26 (1.12–1.43) for cigarette smoking, 0.73 (0.65–0.83) for high-level physical activity, and 0.95 (0.83–1.08) for risky alcohol use compared to working 35–40 h/week. A moderating effect of gender on the association between long working hours and risky alcohol use was observed. The OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week was 0.88 (0.76–1.02) in men and 1.51 (1.12–2.05) in women. ConclusionOur findings emphasize the need for policy interventions aimed at reducing excessive working hours and fostering healthy lifestyle behaviors among individuals engaged in long working hours.