Abstract
Dipsacus asperoides contains multiple pharmacologically active compounds. The principal are saponins. The plant can be cultivated, but it contains lower levels of bioactive compounds than the plant in the wild. It may be the reason to exploit the endophytic fungi that colonize the plant roots in order to produce bioactive compounds. However, the endophytic fungi of D. asperoides have not been analyzed in detail. In this study, we isolated and identified 46 endophytic fungal strains from the taproots, lateral roots and leaves, and we used morphological and molecular biological methods to assign them into 15 genera: Fusarium sp., Ceratobasidium sp., Chaetomium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Talaromyces sp., Cladosporium sp., Bionectria sp., Mucor sp., Trichoderma sp., Myrothecium sp., Clonostachys sp., Ijuhya sp., Leptosphaeria sp. and Phoma sp. Taproots contained abundant endophytic fungi, the numbers of which correlated positively with level of dipsacus saponin VI. Primary fermentation of several endophytic fungal strains from taproots showed that Fusarium, Leptosphaeria, Ceratobasidium sp. and Phoma sp. can produce the triterpenoid saponin. These results may guide efforts to sustainably produce bioactive compounds from D. asperoides.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Dipsacus asperoides is a well-known medicinal plant used to curing occlusion diseases, punch injury, and rheumatism (Niu et al 2015; Wong et al 2007)
Different tissues of D. asperoides were cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA), LB, tryptone soy agar (TSA) and NA culture media
This study begins the process of correlating production of perhaps the most relevant bioactive compound from this plant, saponins, with the number and diversity of endophytic fungi in different tissues
Summary
Dipsacus asperoides is a well-known medicinal plant used to curing occlusion diseases, punch injury, and rheumatism (Niu et al 2015; Wong et al 2007). The major bioactive compound in D. asperoides, are isolated primarily from the taproots and widely used to treat fractures (Zhang et al 2003; Jung et al 2012). Rapid, efficient and environmentally sustainable methods are needed to obtain this and other saponins from D. asperoides (Cira et al 2008; Jiao et al 2015). It may be possible to obtain saponins from the endophytic fungi that colonize D. asperoides (Jiao et al 2015). Such fungi colonize the flowers, seeds, taproots, stems and leaves of many plant species, without causing visible disease symptoms (Aly et al 2011). Some endophytic fungi and their metabolites increase resistance to plant pathogens and tolerance to drought (Redman et al 2002; Waller et al 2005; Herre et al 2007; Rodriguez and Redman 2008)
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