Association between congenital heart defects and maternal manganese and iron concentrations: a case\u2013control study in China

Meixian Wang,Nana Li,Ying Deng,Dapeng Chen,Juan Liang,Ping Yu,Yan Tian,Hong Kang,Zhen Liu,Lu Li,Hui Wang

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17054-9

Abstract

To investigate the correlation between maternal manganese and iron concentrations and the risk of CHD among their infant. A multi-center hospital-based case control study was conducted in China. There were 322 cases and 333 controls have been selected from pregnant women who received prenatal examinations. Correlations between CHDs and maternal manganese and iron concentrations were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Moreover, the interaction between manganese and iron on CHDs was analyzed. Compared with the controls, mothers whose hair manganese concentration was 3.01 μg/g or more were more likely to have a child with CHD than those with a lower concentration. The adjusted OR was 2.68 (95%CI = 1.44–4.99). The results suggested that mothers whose iron content was 52.95 μg/g or more had a significantly higher risk of having a child with CHD (aOR = 2.87, 95%CI = 1.54–5.37). No interaction between maternal manganese and iron concentrations was observed in the multiplicative or additive model. The concurrently existing high concentration of manganese and iron may bring higher risk of CHD (OR = 7.02). Women with excessive manganese concentrations have a significantly increased risk of having offspring with CHDs. The high maternal iron status also correlates with CHDs. The concurrently existing high concentration of manganese and iron may bring higher risk of CHD.

Highlights

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital anomalies at birth, accounting for about 28% of major congenital anomalies(Helen et al 2011; van der Linde et al 2011)
Genetic abnormalities appear to be the primary cause of CHD; environmental exposures play a role in the pathogenesis
Similar results have been observed between maternal high iron concentration and CHDs, and our results revealed that the concurrently existing high concentration of manganese and iron may bring higher risk of CHD

Summary

Introduction

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital anomalies at birth, accounting for about 28% of major congenital anomalies(Helen et al 2011; van der Linde et al 2011). Studies have reported that the incidence of CHD was 1.9/1000 to 9.3/1000 live births(van der Linde et al 2011; Yingjuan et al 2019). The methods of diagnosis and treatment of CHDs made remarkable progress, CHD is the most common cause of infant mortality in both developing and developed countries (Donghua et al 2017; Lytzen et al 2019). The etiology of CHDs still less understood. Genetic abnormalities appear to be the primary cause of CHD; environmental exposures play a role in the pathogenesis. Interactions between genetic variation and environmental exposures results in CHD are complex (Geddes and Earing 2018; Moreau et al 2019)

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