Abstract
BackgroundEvidence from experimental and observational studies is limited regarding the most favorable breakfast composition to prevent abdominal fat accumulation. We explored the association between breakfast composition (a posteriori derived dietary patterns) and abdominal obesity among regular breakfast eaters from a Swiss population-based sample.MethodsThe cross-sectional survey assessed diet using two 24-h dietary recalls in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 to 75 years. We derived dietary patterns using principal component analysis based on the intake of 22 breakfast-specific food groups. All regular breakfast eaters were predicted an individual score for each identified pattern, and then classified into tertiles (T1, T2, T3). We defined abdominal obesity as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.9 in men and ≥ 0.85 in women. Logistic models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, relevant nutrition- and health-related behaviors, and diet quality during the rest of the day.ResultsOf the 2019 included survey participants, 1351 (67%) were regular breakfast eaters. Among them, we identified three breakfast types: 1) ‘traditional’ − white bread, butter, sweet spread, 2) ‘prudent’ − fruit, unprocessed and unsweetened cereal flakes, nuts/seeds, yogurt, and 3) ‘western’ – processed breakfast cereals, and milk. The ‘prudent’ breakfast was negatively associated with abdominal obesity. After full adjustment, including diet quality during the rest of the day, the association was weaker (T3 vs. T1: OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.47 to 1.08). People taking a ‘prudent’ breakfast (in T3) had 1.2% lower WHR compared to people taking a breakfast distant from ‘prudent’ (in T1) (P = 0.02, fully adjusted model with continuous log-WHR). We found no association between ‘traditional’ or ‘western’ breakfasts and WHR (OR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.67 to 1.50 and OR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.71, respectively). Findings were in the same directions for the three breakfast types when defining obesity with waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, or body mass index (≥ 30 kg/m2, for ‘prudent’ breakfast: OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.85).ConclusionsRegular breakfast consumers had less abdominal obesity if their breakfast was composed of fruit, natural cereal flakes, nuts/seeds and yogurt. This association was partly explained by their healthier diet during the rest of the day.Trial registrationISRCTN16778734.
Highlights
Evidence from experimental and observational studies is limited regarding the most favorable breakfast composition to prevent abdominal fat accumulation
There is growing experimental evidence suggesting that consuming a breakfast rich in protein and fiber is associated with benefits in terms of weight management [2] and cardio-metabolic health [3]
We explored whether breakfast composition were associated with abdominal obesity in Swiss regular breakfast eaters, using cross-sectional data from the first national nutrition survey, First Swiss Nutrition Survey (menuCH)
Summary
Evidence from experimental and observational studies is limited regarding the most favorable breakfast composition to prevent abdominal fat accumulation. The impact of breakfast on obesity and cardio-metabolic health is disputed [1,2,3,4,5]. Cross-sectional and cohort studies have consistently reported skipping breakfast to be associated with an increased body weight [8,9,10]. Fewer studies have investigated the impact of breakfast composition on cardio-metabolic risk factors [13]. There is growing experimental evidence suggesting that consuming a breakfast rich in protein and fiber is associated with benefits in terms of weight management [2] and cardio-metabolic health [3]
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More From: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
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