Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the world unevenly. One of the highest numbers of cases were recorded in the most polluted regions worldwide. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 include diabetes, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. It has been known that the same disease might be worsened by chronic exposure to air pollution. The study aimed to determine whether long-term average exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Poland. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for each voivodeship (the main administrative level of jurisdictions) in Poland were collected from March 4, 2020, to May 15, 2020. Based on the official data published by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection voivodeship-level long-term exposure to main air pollution: PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 (averaged from 2013 to 2018) was established. There were statistically significant correlation between COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 population) and annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.367, p = 0.016), PM10 (R2 = 0.415, p = 0.009), SO2 (R2 = 0.489, p = 0.003), and O3 (R2 = 0.537, p = 0.0018). Moreover, COVID-19 deaths (per 100,000 population) were associated with annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.290, p = 0.038), NO2 (R2 = 0.319, p = 0.028), O3 (R2 = 0.452, p = 0.006). The long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3 seems to play an essential role in COVID-19 prevalence and mortality. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase the susceptibility to the infection, exacerbates the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and worsens the patients’ prognosis. The study provides generalized and possible universal trends. Detailed analyzes of the phenomenon dedicated to a given region require taking into account data on comorbidities and socioeconomic variables as well as information about the long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 cases and deaths at smaller administrative level of jurisdictions (community or at least district level).
Highlights
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 [1]
These values exceed the upper limit for annual average concentration on P M2.5 and P M10
The first nationwide study of the relationship between historical exposure to air pollution exposure and the COVID-19 death rate was conducted in the United States by Wu et al [13]
Summary
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 [1]. Owing to the rapid geographic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020. Up to May 21, 2020, more than 4.89 million cases of COVID-19 were reported, resulting in 323 256 deaths in 216 countries [2]. The symptoms caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infections can range from mild (even asymptomatic) through fever, dry cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, up to pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The clinical manifestation depends on the patient’s age, physical condition, and comorbidities.
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