Abstract
Mixed states are highly prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder and require comprehensive scales. Considering this, the current study aims to develop a measure to assess the full spectrum of clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder. A sample of 88 patients was evaluated; the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were applied, together with the preliminary version of the Scale for the Assessment of Episodes in Bipolar Disorder (SAEBD). After analyzing the appropriateness and statistical properties of the items, discriminant analysis and analysis of diagnostic capacity were performed. The discriminant functions correctly classified 100% of the cases in euthymia, predominant depressive symptoms or mixed symptoms, as well as 92.3% of the cases with predominant manic symptoms. Overall, the functions correctly classified 98.9% of the cases. The area under the curve (0.935) showed high capacity to discriminate between clinical and non-clinical cases (i.e., in euthymia). The SAEBD sensitivity was 0.95, specificity was 0.71, the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 0.88, the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 0.87, the Positive Likelihood Ratio (+LR) was 3.33, and the Negative Likelihood Ratio (−LR) was 0.07. In conclusion, the SAEBD is a promising scale that shows high reliability and validity, as well as diagnostic utility as a screening tool for use in diverse health care settings.
Highlights
Bipolar Disorder (BD) affects about three percent of the population of all races and cultures and has a major socio-economic impact, both directly through its impact on health care, and indirectly through the loss of productivity of the sufferer [1,2,3]
All subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were duly informed of the objectives and duration of the study and their participation was obtained by written informed consent
A sample of 88 subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder, according to DSM-5 criteria, was collected over three years
Summary
Bipolar Disorder (BD) affects about three percent of the population of all races and cultures and has a major socio-economic impact, both directly through its impact on health care, and indirectly through the loss of productivity of the sufferer [1,2,3]. Older age and having other mental health symptoms tend to increase diagnostic delay [7]. This delay may lead to untreated bipolar disorders, with potential consequences such as substance abuse, higher risk of hospitalizations and impairment on work or social functioning [8,9]. It is characterized by the presence of depressive and manic symptoms, both during the affective episodes in the acute phases, as well as during their
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