Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. ASF has been identified in India for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in 2020. A total of 11 ASF outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. Considering the first outbreak of ASF in India, a generic risk assessment framework was determined to identify potential risk factors that might favor future emergence of the disease. Based on the Indian scenario, we considered population density of host, farming practice, availability of biological vectors and wildlife reservoirs, epidemiological cycles, and international trade to analyze the possibility of future outbreaks of ASF and chances of establishment of endemism. On critical analysis of the identified risk factors associated with ASFV transmission, we observed that the risk factors are well preserved in the Indian geography and might participate in future outbreaks, further disseminating the disease to nearby countries. Since no vaccine is currently available against ASF, the domestic and the wild pigs (wild boars and the endangered pygmy hogs native to India) of this region are under constant threat of infection. For the near future, this region will have to continue to rely on the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the devastating losses that outbreaks can cause. The various adaptive control strategies to minimize the risks associated with the transmission of ASF, keeping our views to Indian settings, have been described. The risk-analysis framework presented in the study will give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and will help to design control strategies and corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of ASF disease.
Highlights
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral infectious disease that manifests as a hemorrhagic fever in affected pigs [1]
As the tissue samples of pigs collected from the outbreaks in Assam indicated the presence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), samples from both Assam and Arunachal Pradesh were sent to the Organization for AnimalHealth (OIE) reference laboratory, ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal for further confirmation
The outbreak of ASF in India can be related to the domestic cycle, where domestic pigs might have attained the infection by means of potential environmental contamination with ASFV through virus escape from infected populations of a nearby country
Summary
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral infectious disease that manifests as a hemorrhagic fever in affected pigs [1]. The disease ASF is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) of genus. Subacute infections are often recorded with high mortality in young animals and include clinical signs such as abortion, fever, and transient hemorrhage with death or recovery within 3–4 weeks [1,4]. India has reported the first outbreak of ASF in the domestic pig population of two of the northeastern (NE) states viz. Arunachal Pradesh and Assam to OIE on 21 May 2020 [9]. Apart from the first outbreak of ASF in NE India, this region has reported several other emerging diseases of pigs such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome [11] and porcine circovirus-2 infections [12]. The authors will discuss the risk factors/indicators that might favor the spread of ASF infections in India, its possibilities of establishment of endemic infections, and the control strategies to prevent future outbreaks
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