Assessment of Oral–Systemic Disease Association amongst Dental Patients: A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study

Abstract

The association between oral health and overall health has been broadly documented in the past few years and is supported by a rapidly growing body of evidence. Interventional studies were able to establish a linkage between dental intervention and its influence on medical situations. This study tried to determine whether the overall health of a subject may be correlated to radiographically noticeable dental pathology. There was a need to test a null theory of whether subjects having good oral health state had fewer systemic illnesses. This was a retrospective panoramic radiographic study of 400 radiographs of 200 women and 200 men. Subjects were divided into a control group of subjects with no medical history, and a second group with patients who had presented with a medical history. A panoramic radiograph was observed for periapical radiolucency, caries, remaining teeth, remaining root, horizontal, and vertical bone loss. The oral index (OI) was calculated and correlated with the medical status of the patient. Men demonstrated a higher incidence of horizontal bone loss and missing teeth. On the contrary, women showed higher incidences of vertical bone loss, compromised periapical index, and a greater number of root canal treated teeth. Patients having a medical history had a significant percentage of the increased number of periapical lesions, tooth loss, poor quality root canal treatment, and periapical index. Patients with both diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension [HTN (61.3%)], anemia (75%), prostate disease (100%), and disabilities such as hearing impairment and mental retardation (100%) had significantly higher percentages of the bad OI. Most patients with medical history demonstrated a significantly poor OI than those with no medical history. The present research contributes to scientific works by probing the relationship between oral health and the overall well-being. Increasing the sample size and interventional studies are needed as an extension of the current research. Panoramic radiograph is commonly practiced as a screening radiograph in a dental setup. By calculating an OI of each patient based on certain dental conditions, it can help in revealing the burden of medical diseases on oral health and vice versa.