Abstract
The burden of preventable diet-related diseases is significant and becoming worse. Thus, accurately assessing food intake is crucial to guide public health policies and actions. Using food dietary recalls, we evaluated usual dietary intake according to physical activity and nutritional status in an adult urban population from Brasília, Brazil. The usual nutrient and energy intakes distributions were estimated using the Iowa State University (ISU) method. Energy and nutrient intakes were stratified by gender, age group, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity (PA). The prevalence of inadequate intake was highest for vitamins E and D. Both men and women had excessive sodium intake. The percentage of intakes below daily serving recommendations for food groups were 96% for cereals, 74% for vegetables, and 87% for dairy products, whereas percentage of intakes above daily serving recommendations were 97% for meat, 93% for pulses, and 99% for fat/oils. Energy and nutrient intakes were highest in overweight and physically active individuals within the categories of BMI and physical activity, respectively. Our study found that high-income urban Brazilians consume large quantities of meat, beans, fat/oils, and exhibit a low prevalence of nutrient inadequacies but have excessive sodium intake. Energy and nutrient intakes are highest among men, as well as overweight and physically active individuals.
Highlights
The increasing globalization and urbanization have influenced dietary patterns and the lifestyles among different populations worldwide
Our survey of nutrient and food groups consumed by the urban population living in Brasília found that both genders had a high prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamin E and vitamin D, as well as excessive sodium intake
This study described the usual intakes of energy, nutrients, and food groups along with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive micronutrient intake in an adult urban population
Summary
The increasing globalization and urbanization have influenced dietary patterns and the lifestyles among different populations worldwide. Modern lifestyles have led to dietary changes characterized by insufficient fiber intake and increased consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods with high energy density, which are associated with increased risk for development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [1,2]. A healthy diet with a wide variety of foods helps provide a range of different nutrients to the body. The action of some vitamins can help reduce the occurrence of NCDs [4]. Vitamin D and calcium are essential for muscle skeletal health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis [5]. Excessive sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease [6]
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