Abstract
Source water nutrient management to prevent eutrophication requires critical strategies to reduce watershed phosphorus (P) loadings. Shanxi Drinking-Water Source Area (SDWSA) in eastern China experienced severe water quality deterioration before 2010, but showed considerable improvement following application of several watershed management actions to reduce P. This paper assessed the changes in total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and fluxes at the SDWSA outlet relative to watershed anthropogenic P sources during 2005–2016. Overall anthropogenic P inputs decreased by 21.5% over the study period. Domestic sewage, livestock, and fertilizer accounted for (mean ± SD) 18.4 ± 0.6%, 30.1 ± 1.9%, and 51.5 ± 1.5% of total anthropogenic P inputs during 2005–2010, compared to 24.3 ± 2.7%, 8.8 ± 10.7%, and 66.9 ± 8.0% for the 2011–2016 period, respectively. Annual average TP concentrations in SDWSA decreased from 0.041 ± 0.019 mg/L in 2009 to 0.025 ± 0.013 mg/L in 2016, a total decrease of 38.2%. Annual P flux exported from SDWSA decreased from 0.46 ± 0.04 kg P/(ha·a) in 2010 to 0.25 ± 0.02 kg P/(ha·a) in 2016, a decrease of 44.9%. The success in reducing TP concentrations was mainly due to the development of domestic sewage/refuse collection/treatment and improved livestock management. These P management practices have prevented harmful algal blooms, providing for safe drinking water.
Highlights
Anthropogenic P use has increased dramatically in the past century due to development of industry, agriculture, and animal husbandry, as well as increasing population and living standards [1,2].For instance, total chemical P fertilizer usage in China increased from 273.3 × 104 ton P/a in 1980 to 690.5 × 104 ton P/a in 2000 and 843.1 × 104 ton P/a in 2015, total increases of 153% and 209%, respectively [3]
total phosphorus (TP) concentrations fluctuated among years and several monthly TP concentrations exceeded the
This study demonstrated that transformation of the livestock and breeding industry had a dramatic impact on TP reductions in Shanxi Drinking-Water Source Area (SDWSA)
Summary
Anthropogenic P use has increased dramatically in the past century due to development of industry, agriculture, and animal husbandry, as well as increasing population and living standards [1,2]. Total chemical P fertilizer usage in China increased from 273.3 × 104 ton P/a in 1980 to 690.5 × 104 ton P/a in 2000 and 843.1 × 104 ton P/a in 2015, total increases of 153% and 209%, respectively [3]. Across mainland China, net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPI) for 1981, 1990, 2000, and 2009 were 1.90, 2.95, 4.15, and 4.65 kg P/(ha·a), respectively [4]. The development of waste treatment and P management has lagged increased P use resulting in excessive P inputs to the. Public Health 2018, 15, 2169; doi:10.3390/ijerph15102169 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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