Abstract
Biochar can be produced from many various feedstock including biomass residues such as straw, branches, sawdust and other agricultural and forestry waste. One of the alternatives is to obtain biochar from industrial sewage sludge, however, the use of such a product could be limited due to high quantities of heavy metals in the biochar as a product. Total concentration of heavy metals provides only limited information on the behavior of heavy metals, therefore, batch leaching and up-flow percolation leaching tests were applied to study the leaching of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) from (bio)char produced from two types of sewage sludge: from paper mill and leather industries. Bioanglis gali būti gaminama iš daugelio įvairių pramonės žaliavų, įskaitant biomasės liekanas, pavyzdžiui, šiaudus, šakas, pjuvenas ir kitas žemės ūkio ir miškininkystės atliekas. Viena iš alternatyvų – bioanglį gaminti iš pramonės nuotekų dumblo, tačiau tokį produktą galima naudoti ribotai dėl jame esančio didelio sunkiųjų metalų kiekio. Iš bendrosios sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos tyrimų galima tik ribotai spręsti apie sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymą, todėl buvo taikomi du tyrimai: tyrimas, perkoliuojant atliekas vienakrypte srove, bei dvipakopis partijos (tyrinio) tyrimas siekiant išanalizuoti sunkiųjų metalų (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) išplovimą iš bioanglies, pagamintos iš dviejų rūšių nuotekų dumblo: popieriaus gamybos ir odos pramonės.
Highlights
According to European Biochar Certificate (Schmidt et al 2014) biochar “is a heterogeneous substance rich in aromatic carbon and minerals
Results on yield are given in Table 1 (PM_B – biochar produced from paper mill industry sewage sludge, Le_B – biochar produced from leather industry sewage sludge; 450 and 600 – pyrolysis temperature; PM_SS – sewage sludge from paper mill industry, Le_SS – sewage sludge from leather industry)
According to Hossain et al (2011) decrease in the biochar yield is due to the decomposition of the initial feedstock and secondary reactions during the sludge pyrolysis. (Bio)char yield, when the feedstock was the paper mill industry sewage sludge at both temperatures was higher comparing with the yield ofchar produced from the leather industry sewage sludge
Summary
According to European Biochar Certificate (Schmidt et al 2014) biochar “is a heterogeneous substance rich in aromatic carbon and minerals. It is produced by pyrolysis of sustainably obtained biomass under controlled conditions with clean technology and is used for any purpose that does not involve its rapid mineralization to CO2 and may eventually become a soil amendment” (Schmidt et al 2013). Definition ‘biochar’ will be used in general meaning, ‘(bio) char’ – analyzed biochar produced from industrial sewage sludge, which contains heavy metal. Some of the various waste materials that potentially can be used as feedstock for biochar production include sewage sludge, animal manure, compost, and industrial or landfill waste In the EU the produced sewage sludge has recently been estimated at 10.13 million tons (on the dry basis) (Agrafioti et al 2013)
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