Abstract
BackgroundRoyal jelly (RJ) represents the most valuable product of beekeeping activities. The illegal introduction of RJ of uncertain quality/origin in European agrofood markets is not controlled, since the conventional analytical methods cannot unambiguously distinguish foreign from autochthonous RJ products. Here, we applied liquid-state NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometry to characterize the metabolic profile of representative Italian high-quality RJ products and evaluate the discrimination capacity of this analytical technique.Materials and methodsRJ samples were supplied by an Italian consortium of royal jellies producers and developed in the period May–July 2016. Samples were dissolved in a deuterated water solution brought at pH 7.3 and analysed through high resolution liquid-state NMR spectroscopy. 1D and 2D homo- and heteronuclear experiments were acquired to identify the RJ metabolomics profile. Proton NMR spectra were elaborated to conduct an NMR-based metabolomic approach based on PCA and DA chemometric analyses.ResultsThe NMR-based metabolomics precisely and significantly (p value < 0.05, according to Benjamini-Hochberg’s test) authenticated the RJ products, by reliably tracing both their geographical and botanical origin, as well as their production period. In particular, Chinese RJ products exhibited a larger amount of citrate and lysine, accompanied by a lower content of 10-HDA. Our results showed that NMR spectroscopy can recognize low-quality fraudulent products and become an useful analytical tool to certify and trace the RJ molecular composition.ConclusionsThe application of NMR spectroscopy promises to enable the efficient protection of both the producers and consumers of high-quality royal jelly. In addition, the proposed method may be used in combination with the conventional melissopalynological methods for recognizing frauds.
Highlights
Royal jelly (RJ) is biosynthesized, along with wax and venom, directly by honey bees as an hive product
Our results showed that Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can recognize low-quality fraudulent products and become an useful analytical tool to certify and trace the RJ molecular composition
With the aim to conduct a traceability study of RJ according to the pollen and the nectar collected by bees during the production period, we further considered several RJ samples which had been produced in monofloral conditions In detail, the condition of monofloral production occurred only in 1 day (June 13) of the whole production period, with a dominant pollen source of chestnut (c), trifolium (t) or linden (l) for Bo1, Gr2 and Bo6, respectively (Additional file 1: Table S1)
Summary
Royal jelly (RJ) is biosynthesized, along with wax and venom, directly by honey bees as an hive product. It is secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of young bee workers aged between the 5th and the. Larvae selected to become queens continue to be fed with RJ throughout their life cycle [1]. The assumption of this functional food drives the phenotypic development of the bee female larva, allowing its transformation in a fertile bee queen instead of an unfertile bee worker. We applied liquid-state NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometry to characterize the metabolic profile of representative Italian highquality RJ products and evaluate the discrimination capacity of this analytical technique
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