Abstract
Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae) is an erect annual herbaceous weed. This species is a threat for ecosystems worldwide as this annual-weed affects the growth and development of other plants by reducing the biological nitrogen-fixing ability. We evaluated the barcoding genes of the plastid region of C. murale [rbcL (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and matK (Maturase K)] for the success of PCR amplification, the differential inter-specific divergences and the ability of a single gene or combination of rbcL and matK genes to discriminate C. murale as individual species. Online nucleotide database-search using individually produced sequences of rbcL and matK gene of the plastid region primarily identified the specimen as C. murale with 100% sequence similarity. The single gene matK showed better resolution of the tree compared with the other phylogenetic-trees that were inferred from the single rbcL gene sequence or the combination of sequences of rbcL and matK. We found that single gene sequence of matK had high discrimination efficiency for the identification of the species C. murale as well as for the other 11 species (C. album, C. ambrosioides, C. bonus-henricus, C. ficifolium, C. foliosum, C. glaucum, C. polyspermum, C. rubrum, C. simplex, C. urbicum & C. vulvaria) under the genus Chenopodium.
Highlights
Chenopodium murale L. is an erect annual herbaceous weed native to Eurasia (Holm et al, 1997)
We found that single gene sequence of maturase K (matK) had high discrimination efficiency for the identification of the species C. murale as well as for the other 11 species (C. album, C. ambrosioides, C. bonus-henricus, C. ficifolium, C. foliosum, C. glaucum, C. polyspermum, C. rubrum, C. simplex, C. urbicum & C. vulvaria) under the genus Chenopodium
Pair-wise sequence similarities for the combination of rbcL and matK gene for all the species ranged from 93.8% (C. ambrosioides with C. ficifolium; C. ficifolium with C. glaucum) to 99.5% (C. foliosum with C. bonus-henricus) (Table 3)
Summary
Chenopodium murale L. (nettle leaves goosefoot, Chenopodiaceae) is an erect annual herbaceous weed native to Eurasia (Holm et al, 1997). C. murale is one of the fast-growing annual-plant of the family Chenopodiaceae and is widespread throughout different habitat type. This species is reported to have negative association with many species even with the plants that have similar ecological requirement and considered a pest in agro-eco systems (El-Khatib et al, 2004). DNA barcoding has been used for the discrimination of the noxious invasive plant species from non-invasive relatives (Van-De-Wiel et al, 2009). A DNA barcode is one or more short gene sequences taken from a standardized portion of the genome to identify species with the ultimate goal of quick and reliable species-level identifications across all forms of life, including animals, plants and microorganisms (Kress & Erickson, 2008).
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