Abstract
Urban infrastructures are critical, highly interconnected, and interdependent systems of services that physically tie metropolitan areas, communities, and neighbourhoods together. When such highly inter-related systems are affected by a disaster, cascading effects may result in the failure of infrastructure systems. This paper presents a method to unravel the complexity of cascading effects, which can be applied in situations where documented information of the hazardous event is limited. A service chain management framework is used to examine how services for water supply, sanitation, electricity and solid waste interact. The analysis provides a breakdown of the primary service system into a chain and service elements, which characterises the inter-relatedness of these services. We study the case of Barangay Catmon (neighbourhood) in Malabon, a densely developed urban area, located on Manila Bay that is exposed to various natural hazards. Many of Malabon's low-income households reside in informal settlements that are prone to flooding from the combined effects of land subsidence, pluvial flooding from the river network and storm surges. Our empirical study reveals the temporal spread of a typhoon's cascading effects on essential services and the subsequent impact on informal settlers, that may potentially counteract their hope for sustainable improvement through the upgrading of their settlement. Therefore, to complement the ongoing efforts of disaster risk reduction, service chain management framework may further guide the local authorities and other stakeholders to understand the characteristics of cascading effects varying with time and nature of the impact.
Highlights
Disasters often lead to cascading effects driven by interdependencies between and within different infrastructure systems [1], when one infrastructure affects another, usually negatively [2] leading to system failure
Cascading effects of natural hazards in a complex network of critical infrastructure in disaster-prone cities of the global south is an essential component of scientific research on urban resilience
This research aims to apply the service chain management approach to assess and understand disaster-induced cascading effects on water and sanitation services on community residing in informal set tlements in Malabon, Philippines
Summary
Disasters often lead to cascading effects driven by interdependencies between and within different infrastructure systems [1], when one infrastructure affects another, usually negatively [2] leading to system failure. Failures at the critical points of interde pendency may propagate a lag in the disaster recovery process, with a long-term effect on population dependent on service infrastructure [4]. The Sendai framework 2015–2030 emphasises in one of the targets, “To promote resilience of new and existing critical infrastructure, including water, transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, educational fa cilities, hospitals and other health facilities, to ensure that they remain safe, effective and operational during and after disasters in order to provide life-saving and essential services” [5]. The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015, discusses the need of strengthening disaster preparedness by incorpo rating a new indicator in Hyogo framework, to address the identification of critical infrastructure interdependencies and prioritisation planning, for critical infrastructure recovery operations [3]. Disaster risk dynamics in urban settings are poorly understood and, their root causes are seldom addressed [3]
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