Abstract
After the European Food Safety Authority reviewed reports of methylmercury and heart rate variability (HRV) in 2012, the panel concluded that, although some studies of cardiac autonomy suggested an autonomic effect of methylmercury, the results were inconsistent among studies and the implications for health were unclear. In this study, we reconsider this association by adding a perspective on the physiological context. Cardiovascular rhythmicity is usually studied within different frequency domains of HRV. Three spectral components are usually detected; in humans these are centered at <0.04 Hz, 0.15 Hz (LF), and 0.3 Hz (HF). LF and HF (sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, respectively) are evaluated in terms of frequency and power. By searching PubMed, we identified 13 studies examining the effect of methylmercury exposure on HRV in human populations in the Faroe Islands, the Seychelles and other countries. Considering both reduced HRV and sympathodominant state (i.e., lower HF, higher LF, or higher LF/HF ratio) as autonomic abnormality, eight of them showed the significant association with methylmercury exposure. Five studies failed to demonstrate any significant association. In conclusion, these data suggest that increased methylmercury exposure was consistently associated with autonomic abnormality, though the influence of methylmercury on HRV (e.g., LF) might differ for prenatal and postnatal exposures. The results with HRV should be included in the risk characterization of methylmercury. The HRV parameters calculated by frequency domain analysis appear to be more sensitive to methylmercury exposure than those by time domain analysis.
Highlights
The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV; or, the coefficient of variation of the R-R intervals, CVRR ) using frequency domain analysis is an effective approach for the objective assessment of the autonomic nervous function [1,2,3]
In 2012, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed several reports examining the influence of methylmercury on HRV and concluded that, some studies of cardiac autonomy suggested an autonomic nervous effect of methylmercury, the results were inconsistent across studies and the implications for health were unclear [5]
In one case-control study, patients officially certified as having fetal-type Minamata disease showed significantly reduced HF compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, but no data on prenatal or postnatal methylmercury exposure were included [7]
Summary
The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV; or, the coefficient of variation of the R-R intervals, CVRR ) using frequency domain analysis is an effective approach for the objective assessment of the autonomic nervous function [1,2,3]. In 2012, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed several reports examining the influence of methylmercury on HRV and concluded that, some studies of cardiac autonomy suggested an autonomic nervous effect of methylmercury, the results were inconsistent across studies and the implications for health were unclear [5]. Gribble et al [6] reached a similar conclusion, finding that a major limitation of studies examining the influence of methylmercury on HRV was a lack of standardized methods for performing and reporting HRV measurements. This study was intended to reconsider the involvement of methylmercury in HRV by adding a perspective on the physiological context
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