Abstract

With the launch of BDS-3 and Galileo new satellites, the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) has developed from the regional to global system, and the Galileo constellation will consist of 26 satellites in space. Thus, BDS, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo all have the capability of global positioning services. It is meaningful to evaluate the ability of global precise point positioning (PPP) of the GPS, BDS, GLONASS, and Galileo. This paper mainly contributes to the assessment of BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo PPP with the observations that were provided by the international Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS). The Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) value was utilized to research the global coverage of GPS, BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, and Galileo. In particular, GPS-only, BDS-2-only, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS-only, Galileo-only, and multi-GNSS combined PPP solutions were analyzed to verify the capacity of the PPP performances in terms of positioning accuracy, convergence time, and zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) accuracy. In view of PDOP, the current BDS and Galileo are capable of global coverage. The BDS-2/BDS-3 and Galileo PDOP values are fairly evenly distributed around the world similar to GPS and GLONASS. The root mean square (RMS) of positioning errors for static BDS-2/BDS-3 PPP and Galileo-only PPP are 10.7, 19.5, 20.4 mm, and 6.9, 18.6, 19.6 mm, respectively, in the geographic area of the selected station, which is the same level as GPS and GLONASS. It is worth mentioning that, by adding BDS-3 observations, the positioning accuracy of static BDS PPP is improved by 17.05%, 24.42%, and 35.65%, and the convergence time is reduced by 27.15%, 27.87%, and 35.76% in three coordinate components, respectively. Similar to the static positioning, GPS, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, and Galileo have the basically same kinematic positioning accuracy. Multi-GNSS PPP significantly improves the positioning performances in both static and kinematic positioning. In terms of ZTD accuracy, the difference between GPS, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, and Galileo is less than 1 mm, and the BDS-2/BDS-3 improves ZTD accuracy by 20.48% over the BDS-2. The assessment of GPS, BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, Galileo, and multi-GNSS global PPP performance are shown to make comments for the development of multi-GNSS integration, global precise positioning, and the construction of iGMAS.

Highlights

  • In addition to GPS and GLONASS equipped with the global positioning capability, both the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) and Galileo have global positioning capability with the launchSensors 2019, 19, 2496; doi:10.3390/s19112496 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsSensors 2019, 19, 2496 of the BDS-3 and Galileo satellites

  • This paper conducts GPS, BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, Galileo, and multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) tests and evaluates the performance of each system in term of positioning accuracy, convergence time, and zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) accuracy based on international GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System observation data and the precise products that were provided by Wuhan University (WHU)

  • This section performs GPS-only, BDS-2-only, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS-only, Galileo-only, and multi-GNSS combined PPP tests in order to assess the global performance of GPS, BDS, GLONASS, 5

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Summary

Introduction

In addition to GPS and GLONASS equipped with the global positioning capability, both the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) and Galileo have global positioning capability with the launch. This paper conducts GPS, BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, Galileo, and multi-GNSS PPP tests and evaluates the performance of each system in term of positioning accuracy, convergence time, and ZTD accuracy based on international GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) observation data and the precise products that were provided by Wuhan University (WHU). This paper makes comments for the development of multi-GNSS integration, global precise positioning, and the construction of iGMAS by evaluating the performance of GPS, BDS-2, BDS-2/BDS-3, GLONASS, Galileo, and multi-GNSS global PPP.

Multi-GNSS Ionospheric-Free PPP Model
January
Service Area
Data Tests and Results Analysis
Figures and depict the static
Static positioning errors
PPP Results and Analysis
ZTD Accuracy
January to
10. Distribution and 30-day theIGS international
Conclusions
Full Text
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