Assessment of bacterial diversity in hand rinse, stored and drinking water in low-income neighbourhoods of Ibule-Soro, Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT The microbiological quality of hand rinse, stored and drinking water in selected households in Ibule-Soro, Nigeria was assessed for 6 months. Culture-based, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and molecular methods were used to identify culturable and non-culturable bacterial species in the water samples. The results revealed that bacteria in the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were predominant in the water samples. The order Sphingomonadales had the highest read count 5,065 with 30.60%. The highest mean bacterial loads include Klebsiella (3.60 log10 cfu/100 ml) in hand rinse water, E. coli (3.62 log10 cfu/100 ml) in stored water and Enterobacter (2.60 log10 cfu/100 ml) in the drinking water. While E. coli had the highest percentage frequency of occurrence of 19.9% in drinking water, Klebsiella had the highest percentage frequency of occurrence of 29 and 23.6% in hand rinse and stored water, respectively. The findings of this study provided a more comprehensive understanding of the microbiome of household hand rinse, stored and drinking water. The high load of enteric bacteria in the hand rinse water suggests poor hand hygiene practices. Stored and drinking water must be treated before consumption to protect residents from potential risks of gastrointestinal illnesses.