Assessment of Bacillus subtilis fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct as feed additive on the growth performance, immune regulation and disease resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract

In this study, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct (FCMB) by Bacillus subtilis was evaluated, and its potential as a feed additive for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was explored. In vitro experiments showed that the FCMB supernatant contained polysaccharides, polyphenols and flavonoids, and exhibited antioxidant properties as assessed by various antioxidant assays. Additionally, the FCMB supernatant was found to increase the production rate of reactive oxygen species and the activity of phenoloxidase in hemocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the results of the in vivo feeding trial showed that dietary 5 g kg−1 FCMB significantly improved the weight gain and specific growth rate of white shrimp after 56 days of feeding. Although there were no significant differences in total hemocyte count, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production rate, and phenoloxidase activity among the experimental groups, upregulation of immune-related genes was observed, particularly in the hepatopancreas and hemocytes of shrimps fed with 5 g or 50 g FCMB per kg feed, respectively. In the pathogen challenge assay, white shrimp fed with 5 % FCMB exhibited a higher survival rate compared to the control group following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Therefore, it is concluded that the fermented byproduct of C. microphysa, FCMB, holds potential as a feed additive for enhancing the growth performance and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus in white shrimp.