Abstract
Currently, the potential utilization of natural plant-derived extracts for medicinal and therapeutic purposes has increased remarkably. The current study, therefore, aimed to assess the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of modified solvent evaporation-assisted ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers. For viable use of the extract, qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and their identification was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Analysis revealed that phenolic (65.62 ± 0.05 mg/g), flavonoid (62.82 ± 0.07 mg/g), and ascorbic acid (52.46 ± 0.1 mg/g) components were present in high amounts, while β-carotene (62.92 ± 0.02 µg/mg) and lycopene (60.42 ± 0.8 µg/mg) were present in lower amounts. The antimicrobial proficiency of modified solvent-assisted extract was evaluated against four pathogenic bacterial and one fungal strain, namely Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 3384), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2295), and Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 1254), and Candida albicans (MTCC 183), respectively. The zone of inhibition was comparable to antibiotics streptomycin and amphotericin were used as a positive control for pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. The extract showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity during the albumin denaturation assay (43.56–86.59%) and HRBC membrane stabilization assay (43.62–87.69%). The extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay and the obtained results are comparable with BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) with percentage inhibitions of 82.46%, 83.34%, and 84.23%, respectively. Therefore, the obtained results concluded that ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers could be utilized as a magnificent source of phenols used for the manufacturing of value-added food products.
Highlights
Inflammation is an insusceptible framework reaction of the immune system against harmful stimuli like pathogenic microbes, harmed cells, toxic compounds, or irradiation and acts by eliminating destructive stimuli and recuperating the system [1]
The screening of bioactive compounds from the modified solvent evaporation-assisted ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers revealed the presence of polyphenolic components
The analysis of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) results led to the identification of different types of bioactive compounds from the extract and the results are presented in Figures 1 and 2
Summary
Inflammation is an insusceptible framework reaction of the immune system against harmful stimuli like pathogenic microbes, harmed cells, toxic compounds, or irradiation and acts by eliminating destructive stimuli and recuperating the system [1]. To manage hyper inflammation conditions and get rid of inflammatory disease, several steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants are recommended by the physician Due to these synthetic drugs, a person requires long-term treatment, and these drugs are primarily associated with adverse side effects due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase isozymes COX1 and COX-2, which catalyze the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxane [4]. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers. Protein denaturation results in the production of autoantigens in certain diseases; to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers, albumin denaturation assay was performed. The present study was Molecules 2021, 26, 7193 carried out with the following objectives: Extraction of ethanolic extract using the modified solvent technique and its characterization using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), bioactivity evaluation of the extract in comparison to artificial counterparts, and in vitro antimicrobial and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract
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