Assessing the Potential of Inoculative Field Releases of Telenomus remus to Control Spodoptera frugiperda in Ghana.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe fall armyworm (FAW) is a serious threat to maize production in Africa following its outbreak in 2016. Fortunately, some beneficial insects that could control FAW are already present in Africa, including Telenomus remus which parasitizes FAW eggs. Telenomus remus has been used in South America for biological control of FAW for several decades. Though T. remus is already present in Africa, little is known about its potential to be used for augmentative biological control of FAW under ecological conditions and agricultural systems in Africa. This study contributed to addressing this knowledge gap by conducting replicated field release trials of T. remus for FAW control in large maize plots in Ghana. In the major and minor rainy seasons, T. remus parasitized up to 33% and 100% of FAW egg masses, respectively, in the release plots. However, similar effectiveness of T. remus was recorded in non-treated control and farmers’ plots located at 150–400 m distance from release plots, indicating high dispersion of the parasitoid. A single application of Emamectin benzoate did not significantly affect the parasitism rates of T. remus, and could be considered in IPM strategies against FAW.In response to the threat caused by the fall armyworm to African maize farmers, we conducted a series of field release studies with the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus in Ghana. Three releases of ≈15,000 individuals each were conducted in maize plots of 0.5 ha each in the major and minor rainy seasons of 2020, and compared to no-release control plots as well as to farmer-managed plots with chemical pest control. No egg mass parasitism was observed directly before the first field release. Egg mass parasitism reached 33% in the T. remus release plot in the major rainy season, while 72–100% of egg masses were parasitized in the minor rainy season, during which pest densities were much lower. However, no significant difference in egg mass parasitism was found among the T. remus release plots, the no-release control plots and the farmer-managed plots. Similarly, no significant decrease in larval numbers or plant damage was found in the T. remus release fields compared to the no-release plots, while lower leaf and tassel damage was observed in farmer-managed plots. Larval parasitism due to other parasitoids reached 18–42% in the major rainy season but was significantly lower in the minor rainy season, with no significant differences among treatments. We did not observe significant differences in cob damage or yield among the three treatments. However, the lack of any significant differences between the release and no-release plots, which may be attributed to parasitoid dispersal during the five weeks of observation, would require further studies to confirm. Interestingly, a single application of Emamectin benzoate did not significantly affect the parasitism rates of T. remus and, thus, merits further investigation in the context of developing IPM strategies against FAW.