Abstract
Background: Psychological resilience is a distinct factor that affects mental health outcomes after adversities. This study describes the development, validity and measurement invariance (MI) of a Dutch and English scale on psychological resilience, called the Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES).Methods: Separate online surveys with the Dutch and English version of the RES and hypothesized related measures were distributed in a Dutch- and English-speaking group, both drawn from the general population.Results: Exploratory factor analysis, using data from 522 respondents (n = 296 Dutch, n = 226 English), yielded a two-factor structure for the final 9-item RES. The factors reflected the hypothesized underlying constructs of psychological resilience: self-confidence and self-efficacy. The items and constructs of psychological resilience as measured by the RES were interpreted and conceptualized in the same way by both language groups, with the exception of one item. The RES showed good convergent validity and good internal consistency.Conclusions: The current study establishes sound psychometric properties of a new, brief, and freely available scale on psychological resilience. This study contributes to the identification and measurement of psychological resilience after adversities. The final 9-item RES may serve as a valuable instrument in research and in clinical practice.
Highlights
An abundance of studies have shown a high prevalence of adverse outcomes such as posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms after potential traumatic events (PTE’s) [1,2,3]
569 individuals responded to the online survey, of whom 92% (n = 524) completed the Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES)
The scores of two respondents were excluded due to an unreliable response pattern
Summary
An abundance of studies have shown a high prevalence of adverse outcomes such as posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms after potential traumatic events (PTE’s) [1,2,3]. Frontiers in Psychiatry | www.frontiersin.org van der Meer et al. Validating a New Scale on Psychological Resilience is often defined as the process wherein an individual maintains a relatively stable, healthy level of psychological and physical functioning when confronted with PTE’s [4, 11, 12]. Resilience is influenced by multiple factors and varies in the context of individuals, environments, organizations and cultures [13]. This complex and multidimensional nature of resilience makes it challenging to operationalize and measure the concept [8, 9, 13, 14]. Psychological resilience is a distinct factor that affects mental health outcomes after adversities. This study describes the development, validity and measurement invariance (MI) of a Dutch and English scale on psychological resilience, called the Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES)
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