Abstract
ABSTRACT Various factors, such as industrialization, population growth, and urbanization, have caused water quality and availability to decline worldwide, resulting in water crises in many regions and millions of annual deaths from water-related diseases. The study aimed to assess the groundwater quality in Kala Shah Kaku, an industrial area in central Punjab, Pakistan. Groundwater samples from six locations were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters and heavy metals. The results revealed that Kala Shah Kaku's groundwater is unsuitable for drinking due to exceeding the physical and chemical parameters range. The study identified industrial effluents from nearby industries as the primary source of pollution in the area's groundwater. These findings emphasize the urgent need for remedial measures to address industrial pollution and protect groundwater resources in Kala Shah Kaku.
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