Abstract
Rapid urbanization in Pakistan is triggering regulated and unregulated land cover changes in planned and semiplanned urban areas. The key objective of this study is to assess the spatial–temporal fluctuations in the land use/land cover (LULC) transformations in planned (Islamabad) and semiplanned (Rawalpindi) urban areas over the last forty years (1976–2016). The study focuses on the orientation of LULC modifications and analyzes concomitant impacts on urban environmental sustainability. Therefore, remotely sensed data were retrieved and processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) by applying supervised classifier algorithms on each of the five chosen Landsat images. The trajectory of LULC changes for each of the four periods 1976–1988, 1988–1995, 1995–2006 and 2006–2016 was critically scrutinized. The observations revealed massive physical expansions and LULC convergences during these timeframes. The proportionate share of built-up surfaces in this contextual setting substantially stretched from 0.83% in 1976 to 23.23% in 2016, while the shares of cropland and shrubberies significantly reduced. The orientation and magnitude of such changes were observed asymmetrically in the adjoining urban settlements. The assessments formulate that availability of land for urban growth, urban planning and regulatory control significantly determines the speed, scale and orientation of urbanization in planned and semiplanned areas. The study substantiates the notions that the efficient use of cost-effective remotely sensed data offers a pragmatic and reliable tool for assessing, evaluating and monitoring urban land resources. The inferences and insights are relevant for urban and regional planners as well as for other scientific communities.
Highlights
Land use/land cover (LULC) changes influence the structure, functioning and capacities of natural ecosystems [1–4]
Accuracy assessment is required for ensuring preci1
The findings reveal that urban expansions in Rawalpindi followed the pattern of
Summary
Land use/land cover (LULC) changes influence the structure, functioning and capacities of natural ecosystems [1–4]. The resultant modifications in land cover produce indelible imprints on the natural and social environments at the local level [2,5]. Assessments based upon land cover transformations are incumbent to adjust the orientation of human interventions in the terrestrial environment [5]. The process of LULC modifications started when human beings tried to regulate their environment [6]. The associated sociocultural transformations, such as population growth, societal organization and increased focus on provisioning for survival, gave rise to the phenomenon of permanent settlement. Subsequent growth and sprawl in these settlements triggered LULC changes [7]. The ensuing land cover transformations are exerting pressures on the ecological balance [8,9] and proving stressful for the natural and social environments
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