Abstract
This study aims at the assessment of aquifer vulnerability and contaminants plume where artisan refining of crude is taking place, which is a threat to availability of potable water. The ArcGIS version 10.3, ENVI version 4.7, Surfer 10, SPSS 22 and Microsoft Enterprise were used for the interpretation and the water and soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. A total number of sixteen (16) sampling points were selected using random sampling techniques for the water points and soil samples within Ogu Bolo and Okrika. The Digital Elevation Model was created from the elevation data obtained from SRTM (Short Radar Thematic Mapper) satellite image and contour extracted from the topographic map. The influence of the soil type, slope, flow accumulation, flow direction of the study area was used to delineate the level of contaminant plume. This was generated from the DEM using the ArcGIS 10.3 3-D analyst tool function. A water Quality index rating of 1 was measured in the study area which is an indication that the water is very bad. Also, the physiochemical analysis on soil and water revealed poor water and soil. Water analysis showed high concentration of Fe and Zn which made the water in the area unsuitable for drinking. Also, the soil samples recorded high levels of crude content from 1m, with concentration reducing with depth up to 3m. A general contamination map of Okrika/Ogu-bolo was modelled, indicating the contamination rating of the total land mass of the study area, with 23.59km (5.71%) rated very good, while 85.65km (20.71%) were rated good. Also, 140.37km (33.95%) had only showed moderate level of contamination while 112.56km (27.22%) recorded high level of contamination, with 51.29km (12.40%) of the total land mass having a very bad contamination record.
Highlights
IntroductionContamination of groundwater is on a steady rise in our urban cities where so many industrial activities are carried out, increase in population, land that are used for commercial agriculture, poor sanitary system and other factors causing environmental degradation (Amangabara and Njoku, 2012)
Quick Response Code communities, which rely on untreated surface water and groundwater supplies for domestic and agricultural uses are the most exposed to the impact of poor water quality
The digitized products were overlain on each other, while a frame marking out the region of interest (ROI) i.e. Ogu-Bolo and Okrika political boundary which lies between latitude 4°48'21.885"N and 4°32'22.202"N and longitude 6°57'50.141"E and 7°15'19.895"E using ArcGIS 10.3
Summary
Contamination of groundwater is on a steady rise in our urban cities where so many industrial activities are carried out, increase in population, land that are used for commercial agriculture, poor sanitary system and other factors causing environmental degradation (Amangabara and Njoku, 2012). Water is vital to health, well-being, food security and socioeconomic development of mankind. The presence of contaminants in natural freshwater continues to be one of the most important environmental issues in many areas of the world, where a significant part of population are far away from potable water supply. Quick Response Code communities, which rely on untreated surface water and groundwater supplies for domestic and agricultural uses are the most exposed to the impact of poor water quality. Availability of good quality water will ensure the sustainability of socio-economic development. In recent scenario the priority of the government has shifted to other sectors of the economy, rather than focusing on the combating outbreaks of water borne diseases due to consumption of contaminated groundwater
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