Assembly, charge-transfer and solar cell performance with porphyrin-C60 on NiO for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells.

Abstract

A series of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizers furnished with three different anchoring groups, benzoic acid, phenylphosphonate and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, were prepared using 'click' methodology. All three gave modest performances in liquid junction devices with I3-/I- as the electrolyte. The distinct spectroscopic properties of the porphyrins allowed a detailed investigation of the adsorption behaviour and kinetics for charge transfer at the NiO|porphyrin interface. The adsorption behaviour was modelled using the Langmuir isotherm model and the phosphonate anchoring group was found to have the highest affinity for NiO (6.65 × 104 M-1) and the fastest rate of adsorption (2.46 × 107 cm2 mol-1 min-1). The photocurrent of the p-type dye-sensitized solar cells increased with increasing dye loading and corresponding light harvesting efficiency of the electrodes. Coordinating the zinc to a pyridyl-functionalized fullerene (C60PPy) extended the charge-separated state lifetime from ca 200 ps to 4 ns and a positive improvement in the absorbed photon to current conversion efficiency was observed. Finally, we confirmed the viability of electron transfer from the appended C60PPy to phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, a typical electron transporting layer in organic photovoltaics. This has implications for assembling efficient solid-state tandem solar cells in the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Energy materials for a low carbon future'.