Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the conditions that most commonly leads patients to visit an ophthalmologist. Fast and accurate diagnosis relieves patient discomfort and spares them from long-term effects on the ocular surface. Many tests used in the diagnosis of DED may be considered subjective as they rely on an experienced observer for image interpretation, resulting in variations in diagnosis. On one hand, the non-contact nature of the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) device and its rapid image acquisition enable the measurement of the tear meniscus parameter without reflex tearing. On the other hand, an ocular hygrometer allows a rapid, safe, but also efficient, analysis and is associated with low costs and the repeatability of the procedure.
Highlights
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions, affecting millions of people worldwide with a prevalence of between 5% and 50%, based on the diagnostic procedures used and study populations [1,2,3,4,5]
Other tests used for the diagnosis of DED include ocular surface staining, corneal sensibility, interblink frequency, corneal surface topography, interferometry, aberrometry and imaging techniques, such as meibography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)
The ocular surface system [13] is a complex morphofunctional unit made of different tissues, such as conjunctiva, cornea, lids and lacrimal glands, and a complex network of nerves [61,62], hormones [11], immune cells [63] and metabolites [64] that interplay mainly in the tear film [12,65], which acts as the blood flow in the other tissues
Summary
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions, affecting millions of people worldwide with a prevalence of between 5% and 50%, based on the diagnostic procedures used and study populations [1,2,3,4,5]. Based on the TFOS DEWS II, there are several factors that lead to the loss of tear film homeostasis with the development of abnormalities affecting the ocular surface [7]. The pathophysiology of DED comes from evaporation-induced tear hyperosmolarity, which leads to the inflammatory damage of the ocular surface and associated ocular symptoms [7,12,13]. Several tests are typically used in sequence, combining the results obtained with information collected from questionnaires regarding patient symptoms. These tests demand significant resources and are time-consuming. Other tests used for the diagnosis of DED include ocular surface staining, corneal sensibility, interblink frequency, corneal surface topography, interferometry, aberrometry and imaging techniques, such as meibography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)
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