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Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. New advances in imaging technologies enable objective and reproducible measurements of DED parameters, thus making the diagnosis a multimodal imaging-based process. The aim of this review is to summarize all the current and emerging diagnostic tools available for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED, such as non-invasive tear breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical quality assessment. Although there is not a gold standard imaging technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices are precious instruments to help clinicians to better cope with the diagnostic complexity of DED.
Highlights
Accepted: 29 October 2021Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice [1]
We summarize the current research available about the development and use of novel noninvasive diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of DED
Gulmez Sevim et al demonstrated that Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, breakup time (BUT) and lissamine green staining were significantly correlated with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) grade and Meibomian glands (MG)
Summary
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice [1]. Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS II) published the renewed definition of DED, which was defined as an ocular surface disorder in which multiple pathological events, including tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities, lead to the loss of the homeostasis of the entire system [2]. A great number of imaging techniques and devices for the examination of the ocular surface have been developed and placed on the market (Table 1) These devices offer the advantage of providing automated results of the examined tests, avoiding observer bias; since most of these examinations are noninvasive, they do not alter the results of subsequent tests, representing useful screening tools for discriminating healthy subjects from patients affected by or at risk for DED.
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