Aryl-Fluoride Reductive Elimination from Pd(II): Feasibility Assessment from Theory and Experiment

Abstract

DFT methods were used to elucidate features of coordination environment of Pd(II) that could enable Ar-F reductive elimination as an elementary C-F bond-forming reaction potentially amenable to integration into catalytic cycles for synthesis of organofluorine compounds with benign stoichiometric sources of F(-). Three-coordinate T-shaped geometry of Pd(II)Ar(F)L (L = NHC, PR(3)) was shown to offer kinetics and thermodynamics of Ar-F elimination largely compatible with synthetic applications, whereas coordination of strong fourth ligands to Pd or association of hydrogen bond donors with F each caused pronounced stabilization of Pd(II) reactant and increased activation barrier beyond the practical range. Decreasing donor ability of L promotes elimination kinetics via increasing driving force and para-substituents on Ar exert a sizable SNAr-type TS effect. Synthesis and characterization of the novel [Pd(C(6)H(4)-4-NO(2))ArL(mu-F)](2) (L = P(o-Tolyl)(3), 17; P(t-Bu)(3), 18) revealed stability of the fluoride-bridged dimer forms of the requisite Pd(II)Ar(F)L as the key remaining obstacle to Ar-F reductive elimination in practice. Interligand steric repulsion with P(t-Bu)(3) served to destabilize dimer 18 by 20 kcal/mol, estimated with DFT relative to PMe(3) analog, yet was insufficient to enable formation of greater than trace quantities of Ar-F; C-H activation of P(t-Bu)(3) followed by isobutylene elimination was the major degradation pathway of 18 while Ar/F- scrambling and Ar-Ar reductive elimination dominated thermal decomposition of 17. However, use of Buchwald's L = P(C(6)H(4)-2-Trip)(t-Bu)(2) provided the additional steric pressure on the [PdArL(mu-F)](2) core needed to enable formation of aryl-fluoride net reductive elimination product in quantifiable yields (10%) in reactions with both 17 and 18 at 60 degrees over 22 h.