Abstract
Artificial upwelling of nutrient-rich waters and the corresponding boost in primary productivity harbor the potential to enhance marine fishery yields and strengthen the biological pump for sequestration of atmospheric CO2. There is increasing urgency to understand this technology as a “ocean-based solution” for counteracting two major challenges of the 21st century—climate change and overfishing. Yet, little is known about the actual efficacy and/or possible side effects of artificial upwelling. We conducted a large-scale off-shore mesocosm study (∼44 m3) in the oligotrophic waters of the Canary Islands to identify the community-level effects of artificial upwelling on a natural oligotrophic plankton community. Four upwelling intensities were simulated (approx. 1.5/3/5.7/10 μmol L–1 of nitrate plus phosphate and silicate) via two different upwelling modes (a singular deep-water pulse vs. recurring supply every 4 days) for 37 days. Here we present results on the response of net community production (NCP), metabolic balance and phytoplankton community composition (<250 μm). Higher upwelling intensities yielded higher cumulative NCP. Following upwelling onset, the phytoplankton community became dominated by diatoms in all treatments, but other taxa such as Coccolithophores increased later in the experiment. The magnitude of effects on the metabolic balance scaled with the amount of added deep water, leading to (i) a balanced to net-heterotrophic system in the singular and (ii) a net-autotrophic system in the recurring upwelling treatments. Accordingly, the mode in which nutrients are supplied to an oligotrophic system plays a crucial role in the ecosystem response, with recurring upwelling leading to higher long-term positive NCP than singular upwelling. These results highlight the importance of empirically measured local responses to upwelling such as community structure and metabolism, with major implications for the potential employment of artificial upwelling as an ocean-based solution to generate (primary) production.
Highlights
Food security for a growing human population and climate change are two main global challenges of our time
Following the first deep water (DW) addition, net community production (NCP) rates increased in all treatments according to upwelling intensity, though duration of the increase and peak rates varied substantially (Figure 2A)
Mean NCP, gross production (GP) and community respiration (CR) all strongly correlated with upwelling intensity under both upwelling modes (Table 2)
Summary
Food security for a growing human population and climate change are two main global challenges of our time. The world population is projected to keep growing at least until the end of this century and the ensuing demand for food needs to be covered (United Nations, 2019). While food production on land shows some potential for sustainable improvement (Godfray et al, 2010), the oceans are already being exploited at, or even past, the limit of sustainability (Garcia and Rosenberg, 2010). Global agreements to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic climate change have been reached (UNFCC, 2015; Schellnhuber et al, 2016). Palpable actions still need to follow and it is clear that a mere reduction of emissions will not suffice (Lawrence et al, 2018). Most of the urgently needed technologies to actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere remain largely unexplored
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