Abstract
Artificial tetraploid induction is one of the important techniques of fish chromosome manipulation, and it is the first step for triploid breeding. There are a few reports to artificial induction of tetraploid in marine fish. The induction and survival rates were usually low. We firstly optimized the tetraploid induction conditions in turbot Scophthalmus maximus, one of the most important maricultural fish in China and Europe. For the initiate time of treatment, which is the most important factor in tetraploid induction, the first cleavage index (FCI) was used to reduce the influences of genetic origin and environment factors. Overall, the optimal initiation time for pressure shock was 15 min before the first cleavage at 14.8-15.5 degrees C. The optimal treatment pressure and treatment duration were 67.5 MPa and 6 min. The regression equation prediction model was: The optimal initiation time = 0.982 FCI - 12.182 or the optimal initiation time = 0.85 FCI. Then two tetraploid induction (4n1 and 4n2) populations were obtained under the optimal conditions with diploid controls (2n1 and 2n2). The induction rates in tetraploid induction (4n) populations at hatched larvae stage could reach 100%. The genetic structure of these two 4n populations was also studied. Two to four alleles in each locus were detected in diploid (2n) and 4n populations, respectively. Private alleles were only appeared at locus Sma-USC21, with two alleles lost in 4n populations. Eleven and fourteen loci in 2n and 4n populations respectively showed a negative genetic deviation index. 3D-FCA analysis showed that the two 2n and two 4n populations have obvious differences. The numbers of locus deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in 2n1, 4n1, 2n2, and 4n2 populations were 6, 9, 12, and 7, respectively. Overall, 12 loci in either 2n or 4n population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Tetraploid induction population showed lower heterozygosity and higher heterozygote deletion.
Highlights
Polyploidization results in a wide variety of beneficial effects for genetic breeding
We studied the artificial induction of tetraploid turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (Wu et al, 2014), but the result was not stable and the induction rate was low
Tetraploid could benefit in triploid breeding, because it can avoid the inductive effect in artificial triploid induction
Summary
Polyploidization results in a wide variety of beneficial effects for genetic breeding. The most common chromosome manipulation in fish is to use a physical shock, usually a pressure or heat shock, to induce retention of the second polar body during meiosis, resulting in triploid fish. An alternative method for producing triploids is to first make tetraploids by suppression of early cell. Tetraploid Induction in Turbot division in the zygote (Chourrout, 1984; Zhang and Onozato, 2004; Zhu et al, 2017) and mate the fertile tetraploids with normal diploids to generate triploid offspring. Generation of tetraploid-derived triploids has been achieved in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Chourrout et al, 1986; Blanc et al, 1993). Tetraploid-derived triploid was unavailable in marine fish until now, due to the low induction rate of tetraploid
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