Abstract
In this work, twelve heavy metals and arsenic, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn, in a rice sample collected from some areas of Vietnam have been quantified and implemented by using multiple analytical platforms such as ICP-MS, AAS, and mercury analyser. Seventy rice samples collected from the Red River Delta and mining zone activity were analysed. Concentration of heavy metals and arsenic in rice was analysed after appropriated sample digestion using internal or external calibration curves. The mean concentration (mg kg−1 dried weight) of the analysed elements in rice samples decreased on the order of Mn (19.268) > Fe (13.624) > Zn (8.163) > Cu (3.138) > Ni (0.384) > Cr (0.296) > Co (0.279) > As (0.115) > Cd (0.111) > Pb (0.075) > Hg (0.007) > Se (<LOD). Mercury, a highly toxic element, has been only found in rice samples collected in the mining activity zone (frequency detection 14.5% of total samples). The experimental results indicated that the heavy metals and arsenic found in rice collected from mining activity zone were higher than those in rice harvested from normal cultivated areas like the Red River Delta. The heavy metals and arsenic content in Vietnamese rice samples were also compared with the concentration of heavy metals in other foreign rice samples in some recent publications. The estimated daily intake through rice consumption was calculated and compared with the level proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The results indicated that the provisional daily intake of Cd was higher than the level proposed by FAO, while the intake of other heavy metals was in an acceptable range of CODEX standard.
Highlights
In Vietnam, rice is the most important and widely cultivated crop, which is the main food product for internal consumption and for export
The human exposure to these elements should be paid attention to, especially for habitants who live nearby mining activity zone. erefore, it is necessary to have analytical methods with high selectivity and sensitivity for analysis of heavy metals and toxic elements in rice samples, especially in rice samples grown in mining activity area
All target analytes were measured in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) and dynamic reaction cell (DRC) mode employing with helium as collision gas in order to eliminate polyatomic ion interferences exception of cadmium, arsenic, and selenium
Summary
In Vietnam, rice is the most important and widely cultivated crop, which is the main food product for internal consumption and for export. Mechanism uptake of heavy metals and arsenic in rice and distribution of heavy metals in different parts of rice have been investigated [2], especially in nearby mining activity zones [3]. The human exposure to these elements should be paid attention to, especially for habitants who live nearby mining activity zone. Erefore, it is necessary to have analytical methods with high selectivity and sensitivity for analysis of heavy metals and toxic elements in rice samples, especially in rice samples grown in mining activity area. Obtaining information about concentration of heavy metals in food and its consumption as rice is very important in assessment of exposure to these elements in human health. Some recent publications have been indicated that ingestion on food contaminated with heavy metals like vegetable, rice was one of main sources of the human exposure to heavy metals [6, 7]
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