Abstract
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) enables direct observation of the Fermi surface and underlying electronic structure of crystals, which are the basic concepts necessary to describe all the electronic properties of solids and to reveal the nature of key electronic interactions involved. ARPES proved to be the most efficient for studies of quasi-2D metals, to which the most challenging and hence exciting compounds belong. This stimulated tremendously the development of ARPES in the recent years. The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to the state-of-the-art ARPES experiment and to review the results of its application to such highly topical problems in solid state physics as high temperature superconductivity in cuprates and iron-based superconductors and electronic ordering in the transition metal dichalcogenides and manganites.
Highlights
Matrix elementsOne should say more about the “matrix elements.” In our definition, M(hν, n, k) corresponds more to the probability of the one-step transition of an electron from its initial state in the crystal to the final state on its way to of the spectrometer [16,17]
Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) enables direct observation of the Fermi surface and underlying electronic structure of crystals—the basic concepts to describe all the electronic properties of solids and to understand the key electronic interactions involved
To paraphrase an English proverb about duck: if ARPES spectrum looks like a spectral function and behaves like a spectral function, it must be a spectral function
Summary
One should say more about the “matrix elements.” In our definition, M(hν, n, k) corresponds more to the probability of the one-step transition of an electron from its initial state in the crystal to the final state on its way to of the spectrometer [16,17]. It is expected that the probability of photoionization depends on these parameters and the experimental geometry (namely, the polarization and orientation of the light wave with respect to the crystallographic planes of the sample) In this case the characteristic scale of changes of M with respect to hν and k is determined by the broadening of the final state and the dispersion of the respective bands. In the case of a single or isolated band, the influence of matrix elements can be usually neglected or compensated through a certain renormalization This has been possible for determining the Fermi surface [23,24], studying the shape of ARPES-spectra [13], determining the self-energy [25], and evaluating relevant interactions [26]. The latter requires using the synchrotron radiation with variable energy and polarization [38]
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