Abstract
Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARMCs) are widely distributed in eukaryotes and have important influences on cell adhesion, signal transduction, mitochondrial function regulation, tumorigenesis, and other processes. These proteins share a similar domain consisting of tandem repeats approximately 42 amino acids in length, and this domain constitutes a substantial platform for the binding between ARMCs and other proteins. An ARMC subfamily, including ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6, has received increasing attention. These proteins may have many terminal regions and play a critical role in various diseases. On the one hand, based on their similar central domain of tandem repeats, this ARMC subfamily may function similarly to other ARMCs. On the other hand, the unique domains on their terminals may cause these proteins to have different functions. Here, we focus on the ARMC subfamily (ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6), which is relatively conserved in vertebrates and highly conserved in mammals, particularly primates. We review the structures, biological functions, evolutions, interactions, and related diseases of the ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules. We look forward to obtaining a clearer understanding of the ARMC subfamily to facilitate further in-depth research and treatment of related diseases.
Highlights
In 1989, an Armadillo repeat-containing protein (ARMC) was first discovered in the polar gene fragment of Drosophila (Riggleman et al, 1989), and since an increasing number of Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARMCs), including the well-known β-catenin, plakoglobin, and plakophilin, have been reported and studied
Biological functions, evolutions, interactions and related diseases of this ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules (Table 1)
The N-terminus of ARMC9, which is analogous to SRP1, interacts with multiple components of the cell nucleus that are needed for mitosis and regulates the normal function of microtubules and spindle pole bodies as well as nuclear integrity (Küssel and Frasch, 1995)
Summary
In 1989, an Armadillo repeat-containing protein (ARMC) was first discovered in the polar gene fragment of Drosophila (Riggleman et al, 1989), and since an increasing number of ARMCs, including the well-known β-catenin, plakoglobin, and plakophilin, have been reported and studied. WS*, GBS* T2B* Cancer, CMS*, GD*, infertility, NMD* XDS Cancer. An increasing number of researchers have focused on the ARMC subfamily, and a growing number of studies have noted that the ARMC subfamily plays an important role in cell adhesion, intracellular signal transduction, cytoskeleton regulation, mitochondrial function regulation, ciliary movement regulation, embryonic development, and tumor development, among other processes. It has been more than 20 years since ARMCs were first proposed and classified by the German scientist Mechthild Hatzfeld in 1998 (Hatzfeld, 1999). Biological functions, evolutions, interactions and related diseases of this ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules (Table 1)
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