Abstract
Low-temperature plasma-treated porcine grafts (PGPT) may be an effective means for treating demanding osseous defects and enhance our understanding of plasma-tissue engineering. We chemically characterized porcine grafts under low-temperature Argon plasma treatment (CAP) and evaluated their biocompatibility in-vitro. Our results showed that PGPT did not differ in roughness, dominant crystalline phases, absorption peaks corresponding to phosphate band peaks, or micro-meso pore size, compared to non-treated porcine grafts. The PGPT Ca/P ratio was 2.16; whereas the porcine control ratio was 2.04 (p < 0.05). PGPT’s [C 1s], [P 2p] and [Ca 2p] values were 24.3%, 5.6% and 11.0%, respectively, indicating that PGPT was an apatite without another crystalline phase. Cell viability and alkaline phosphatase assays revealed enhanced proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation for the cells cultivated in the PGPT media after 5 days (p < 0.05). The cells cultured in PGPT medium had higher bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin relative mRNA expression compared to cells cultured in non-treated porcine grafts (p < 0.05). CAP treatment of porcine particles did not modify the biomaterial’s surface and improved the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells.
Highlights
Reconstruction of osseous defects, as performed in the fields of Periodontics, maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedics, can often be achieved by using autogenous bone
Alloplastic materials are either more complex or costly than biological apatite that is directly prepared from animal hard tissues [9]
Porcine grafts were used previously in animal studies (e.g., Bone Regeneration for Sheep’s Iliac Crestal Defects), where a corticocancellous porcine bone with a 250–1000 microns particulate mix was used as a scaffold to induce bone regeneration
Summary
Reconstruction of osseous defects, as performed in the fields of Periodontics, maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedics, can often be achieved by using autogenous bone. Coatings 2019, 9, 134; doi:10.3390/coatings9020134 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings (which in some cases is shallow) and autograft acquisitions carry a considerable patient burden, including additional surgical incisions, increased postoperative morbidity, weakened donor bone sites, and potential complications [3]. These adverse effects necessitate the use of alternative materials that mimic the physicochemical and biological performance of natural bone-derived apatite [4,5,6,7]. Alloplastic materials are either more complex or costly than biological apatite that is directly prepared from animal hard tissues (e.g., bovine, porcine, and cuttlefish bone) [9]
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