Bone regeneration using a porcine bone substitute collagen composite in vitro and in vivo

Eisner Salamanca,Chia-Chen Hsu,Wei-Jen Chang,Che-Tong Lin,Nai-Chia Teng,Haw-Ming Huang,Yu-Hwa Pan

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19629-y

Abstract

The biocharacteristics of xenogeneic grafts make them a possible substitute for autogenous bone grafts in dental bone graft procedures. This study aimed to develop a novel porcine graft with collagen capable of generating new bone in bone defects via osteoconduction over 8 weeks of healing and to compare it with a porcine graft. The porcine collagen graft was made to undergo a cell viability test (MTT) and alkaline phosphatase assay (ALP). The surgical procedure was performed in 20 male adult New Zealand white rabbits. Four calvarial critical-size defects of 6 mm in diameter were prepared in each rabbit. The upper left defect was filled with a porcine graft of 500–1000 μm, the upper right with a porcine collagen graft, the lower left with hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate and the lower right served as the control without any filling material. The rabbits were divided and sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after surgery. Histological and micro-CT scan results showed that the performance of the porcine collagen graft is superior for regenerating new bone. Porcine collagen graft showed cell viability and osteoblast-like cell differentiation in vitro. The results indicate that porcine collagen graft is a potential bone substitute for clinical application.

Highlights

Bone graft materials are often used in dental treatments, such as infrabony defects, furcation defects, ridge augmentation, socket preservation, peri-implant defects and sinus augmentation[1]
In multiple guided bone regeneration (GBR) studies, large numbers of patients with different needs and requirements combined with autogenous bone limitations made it necessary for scientists and clinicians to search for alternative grafts, such as an allogenous graft, xenograft and allograft; all of these materials have shown different types of physicochemical characteristics and reliability in specific treatments[7,8,9,10,11,12]
The addition of type I collagen to porcine bone substitute may preserve the clot, and type I collagen has the physical characteristics of a hard sponge in the porcine graft material and is easy to adapt its form to the shape of the defect after it is hydrated; its fibrillar structure provides a scaffold for cell ingrowth and regeneration, supporting angiogenesis and enhancing porcine graft regeneration characteristics during GBR treatments[18]

Summary

Introduction

Bone graft materials are often used in dental treatments, such as infrabony defects, furcation defects, ridge augmentation, socket preservation, peri-implant defects and sinus augmentation[1]. Type I collagen is another biomaterial that has proven to be useful in GBR treatments because it is a natural 3-dimensional (3D) structural component of tissues and the main constituent of bone tissue’s extracellular matrix It is an excellent delivery system for growth factors and facilitates osteoblast and vessel migration and penetration, promoting angiogenesis and new bone formation[17]. This study aimed to develop a novel composite combining a porcine graft with collagen, to evaluate its characteristics in vitro using New Zealand rabbit calvarial critical-size defects and to assess its reliability as a bone graft biomaterial for new bone formation in future GBR treatments

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Results

Conclusion