Abstract
This paper discusses possibilities which may lead to the development of future primary frequency standards of superior accuracy capability. Aspects of costs and field-usage are totally neglected. A review is given of the various methods and techniques which are currently employed in quantum electronic frequency standards or which have a potential usefulness. Various effects which influence the output frequency of a primary standard are associated with these methods. They are discussed in detail, and expectation values for the related uncertainties are given. For selected particles certain methods of interrogation, confinement, and particle preparation can be combined such as to minimize the net uncertainty due to all applicable effects. Different technical solutions are the result. A review of existing and proposed devices is given, including quantitative data on the stability and accuracy capability. Aspects of the most promising devices are discussed, and it is concluded that accuracy capabilities of 10-14 should be within reach of today's research and development.
Published Version
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