Abstract
In everyday life, interactions between humans are generally modulated by the value attributed to the situation, which partly relies on the partner's behavior. A pleasant or cooperating partner may trigger an approach behavior in the observer, while an unpleasant or threatening partner may trigger an avoidance behavior. In this context, the correct interpretation of other's intentions is crucial to achieve satisfying social interactions. Social cues such as gaze direction and facial expression are both fundamental and interrelated. Typically, whenever gaze direction and facial expression of others communicate the same intention, it enhances both the interlocutor's gaze direction and the perception of facial expressions (i.e., shared signal hypothesis). For instance, an angry face with a direct gaze is perceived as more intense since it represents a threat to the observer. In this study, we propose to examine how the combination of others' gaze direction (direct or deviated) and emotional facial expressions (i.e., happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, and neutrality) influence the observer's gaze perception and postural control. Gaze perception was indexed by the cone of direct gaze (CoDG) referring to the width over which an observer feels someone's gaze is directed at them. A wider CoDG indicates that the observer perceived the face as looking at them over a wider range of gaze directions. Conversely, a narrower CoDG indicates a decrease in the range of gaze directions perceived as direct. Postural control was examined through the center of pressure displacements reflecting postural stability and approach-avoidance tendencies. We also investigated how both gaze perception and postural control may vary according to participants' personality traits and emotional states (e.g., openness, anxiety, etc.). Our results confirmed that gaze perception is influenced by emotional faces: a wider CoDGs was observed with angry and disgusted faces while a narrower CoDG was observed for fearful faces. Furthermore, facial expressions combined with gaze direction influence participants' postural stability but not approach-avoidance behaviors. Results are discussed in the light of the approach-avoidance model, by considering how some personality traits modulate the relation between emotion and posture.
Highlights
When people are confronted with threatening social situations such as facing an angry person, they acknowledge a number of cues
This study expands our understanding of how emotional cues such as facial expression and the gaze direction of others modulate the gaze perception and postural control of participants
Our results corroborate the idea that social cues such as emotional faces or gaze direction are powerful vectors of information and drives for motivating social interactions
Summary
When people are confronted with threatening social situations such as facing an angry person, they acknowledge a number of cues. Facial expressions mainly influence the way people perceive gaze directions as directed at them or at the environment (Ewbank et al, 2009) and reciprocally the gaze direction of others helps to identify facial expressions (Adams and Kleck, 2003). These situations trigger a series of hormonal and physiological responses in the observer (Scherer, 2005), preparing their organism to act through action tendencies such as fight (approach), flight (avoidance) or freeze (immobilization) (Adams et al, 2006). Individuals with a high anxiety-trait level are more likely to interpret the gaze direction from a fearful face as directed at the environment (Hu et al, 2017)
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