Abstract

Resume Dans les pays les moins developpes, tandis que les citadins les plus pauvres sont plus susceptibles de mourir de maladies transmissibles et de blessures, les plus ri­ches pourraient souffrir d’un plus grand fardeau de maladies non transmissibles. Il n’est donc pas evident de savoir si dans les villes africaines les adultes les plus pau­vres sont en moins bonne sante que leurs homologues plus aises. Dans cet article, nous decrivons les inegalites sociales qui caracterisent la mortalite des adultes (per­sonnes de 15 a 59 ans) a la peripherie de Ouagadougou, capitale du Burkina Faso. En utilisant les donnees du Systeme de Surveillance Demographique et Sanitaire de Ouagadougou, de 2009 a 2011, nous verifions si des facteurs tels que le niveau d’education, la pauvrete et la residence en quartier informel sont lies au risque de deces premature chez les adultes. Nous menons cette analyse de la mortalite tou­tes causes confondues, et aussi en considerant trois grandes categories de causes de deces : les maladies transmissibles, les maladies non transmissibles et les causes externes. En limitant l’analyse aux adultes nes a Ouagadougou, nous avons constate que le citadin pauvre fait face a une penalite sanitaire considerable comparative­ment au moins pauvre, ce qui est conforme aux attentes basees sur la litterature existante. Les non-migrants riches font face a des risques plus faibles de deces pre­mature du aussi bien aux maladies transmissibles qu’aux maladies non transmissi­bles. Les adultes migrants quant a eux presentent des tendances tres differentes qui faussent l’image globale des inegalites de sante dans la ville. Les migrants riches et les migrants vivant dans les quartiers formels courent un plus grand risque de deces de maladies non transmissibles. Ces resultats particuliers sont probablement dus a des effets de selection lies a la migration, et peut-etre aussi a des niveaux plus eleves d’exposition a des maladies non transmissibles par les migrants. Ils ap­pellent a une plus grande attention portee sur les effets de la migration lors d’etu­des sur les differences rurales-urbaines ou les inegalites sociales de sante en Afri­que sub-saharienne. Summary In the cities of less developed countries, while poorer residents are likely to be at greater risk of dying from communicable diseases and injuries, wealthier residents may suffer from a greater burden of non-communicable diseases. It remains thus unclear whether poorer African adult city dwellers are in worse health than their better-off counterparts. In this paper, we describe the social inequalities that characterize adult mortality (individuals aged 15 to 59) at the periphery of Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso. Using data from the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 2009 to 2011, we test whether factors such as levels of education, poverty and informal settlement are related to risks of pre­mature deaths among adults. We conduct this analysis for all-cause mortality, and also considered three main categories of causes of death: communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases and external causes. Restricting the analysis to adults born in Ouagadougou, we found that the urban poor face a considerable health penalty compared to the less poor, which is consistent with expectation based on existing literature. Wealthier non-migrants face relatively lower risks of premature death, from both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Adult migrants exhibit very different patterns of mortality, which distort the overall picture of health inequalities in the city. Wealthier adult migrants and migrants living in formal settlements face a greater risk of dying from non-communicable diseases. These particular patterns are probably due to selective in and/or out-migration, and maybe to greater levels of exposure to non-communicable diseases by migrants. These results call for more attention to the effects of migration when studying rural-urban and social differentials of health in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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