Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem in which prevalence is constantly rising. The pathophysiology of CKD is complicated and has not been fully resolved. However, elevated oxidative stress is considered to play a vital role in the development of this disease. CKD is also thought to be an inflammatory disorder in which uremic toxins participate in the development of the inflammatory milieu. A healthy, balanced diet supports the maintenance of a good health status as it helps to reduce the risk of the development of chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Numerous studies have demonstrated that functional molecules and nutrients, including fatty acids and fiber as well as nutraceuticals such as curcumin, steviol glycosides, and resveratrol not only exert beneficial effects on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways but also on gut mucosa. Nutraceuticals have attracted great interest recently due to their potential favorable physiological effects on the human body and their safety. This review presents some nutraceuticals in which consumption could exert a beneficial impact on the development and progression of renal disease as well cardiovascular disease.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem in which occurrence is constantly rising
Vast epidemiological evidence confirms that a diet abundant in polyphenol-rich compounds such as fruits, vegetables, spices, nuts, cocoa, red wine, and tea can protect against the development of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease [12,38,39]
Vitamin D can come from diet, cutaneous synthesis involving the absorption of UVB solar radiation (290–315 nm), during which 7-dehydrocholesterol converted to pre-vitamin D3 and, in the steps, to cholecalciferol by thermal isomerization or from supplements [131,132]
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem in which occurrence is constantly rising. The progression of chronic kidney disease leads to endothelial dysfunction as the result of the presence of the eNOS endogenous inhibitor-asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), decreased NO bioavailability, and/or insufficient synthesis of NO. These disturbances further result in hypertension and atherosclerosis as well as the development of several alterations in the innate and adaptive immune systems, which increases the risk of atherogenesis and vascular disease [7,12,13,14]. We concentrated on those studies that were performed on large groups or which results were, in our opinion, interesting
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