Abstract
Despite being challenged in recent years, the hypothesis that individuals of higher socioeconomic status (SES) are more physically active than their lower SES counterparts is generally considered a fact. Recent reviews, however, have suggested that differences across groups might be related to which physical activity (PA) domains have been investigated. In the present review, searches for relevant studies were performed in the MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge and SPORTDiscus databases. Search terms included “socioeconomic”, “socio-economic”, “socio economic” and “social class” to meet all variations of the variable “socioeconomic status” in combination with the term “physical activity”. Studies were included when applying the dimensions of intensity, frequency, type/mode, and duration in measuring PA. Fifty-six studies were included and were subsequently split into four PA domains: transport PA (TPA), occupational PA (OPA), housing PA (HPA) and leisure time PA (LTPA). It turned out that the positive relationship held only for LTPA, whereas the relationship was non-existent or even opposite for all other domains. It is concluded that the assumed positive relationship between SES and PA is mainly a relationship between LTPA and SES. It is further suggested that the PA domain should always be considered when studying said relationships.
Highlights
It has long been assumed that there is an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical activity (PA) in that people of high SES are more physically active than those of lower SES
Almost three out of four (41) of the articles had been published during the second half of the period (2008–2014) and a third during the past 2 years
All studies included in the present review presented data on the type or mode of PA, sometimes referred as “PA domains” (i.e., leisure-time PA (LTPA), occupational PA (OPA), transport PA (TPA) and housing PA (HPA)), according to which they were categorized
Summary
It has long been assumed that there is an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical activity (PA) in that people of high SES are more physically active than those of lower SES (see, for example, [1,2]) Such a difference across socioeconomic groups has been touted as a cause of health-related differences and used to justify advocacy for the introduction of interventions targeted at increasing levels of PA in lower socioeconomic groups [1,2]. Gidlow et al [3], reporting a clear effect of SES when comparing the most extreme (highest and lowest) SES groups, reported relatively mixed results
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